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聞慶市
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Mungyeong-si
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Mun'gyŏng-si
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912
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81,525 (''2003'')
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894
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2 ''eup'', 7 ''myeon'', 5 ''dong''
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(syllables: ''Mun-gyeong'') is a
City in
North Gyeongsang Province,
South Korea . The local government, economy, and transportation networks are all centered in
Jeomchon ,the principal town. Mungyeong has a lengthy
History , and is known today for its various historic and scenic tourist attractions. The city's name means roughly "hearing good news."
Mungyeong extends a total of 40 km from west to east, and 37 from north to south. Its shape very roughly approximates a
Right Triangle , with the hypotenuse corresponding to the peaks of the
Sobaek Mountains . The northern tip is in Dongno-myeon, at
36°52'10'' N
Latitude . The southern extremity lies in Nongam-myeon, at
36°41'40'' N. The easternmost edge of the city can also be found in Dongno-myeon, at
128°22'42'' E
Longitude . On the west, Mungyeong comes to an end in Gaeun-eup, at
127°52'48'' E.
Mungyeong City stands on the border between North Gyeongsang and
North Chungcheong provinces. On its northern and western borders, it adjoins the North Chungcheong districts of
Danyang County ,
Jecheon City , and
Chungju City on the north and
Goesan County on the northwest. Within North Gyeongsang province, Mungyeong adjoins
Yecheon County to the east and
Sangju City to the south.
The topography of Mungyeong is dominated by the Sobaek mountains, which form the line between North Gyeongsang and North Chungcheong provinces. The city's highest point lies on this line, at 1161-meter Munsu peak of
Worak Mountain in Dongno-myeon. The city's terrain, cut by numerous valleys, slopes down from the Sobaek peaks toward the valleys of the
Nakdong River and its tributary, the
Yeong . At their meeting-point in Yeongsun-myeon, the rivers are barely 200 m above
Sea Level . Above the valleys, the soil is thin and outcroppings of igneous or sedimentary
Bedrock are common. Millions of years of
Erosion have created spectacular cliffs and escarpments in many areas, some of which have become major attractions for local
Tourism .
Located in the shadow of the Sobaek mountains and west of the
Taebaek Mountains , Mungyeong has a markedly inland climate. The number of frost-free days is significantly lower than it is in more coastal areas of South Korea. Annual temperature fluctuates around 11°C, and annual rainfall around 1300 mm. There are roughly 90 days of heavy rain per year, of which about 30 fall during the
Monsoon al rainy season in July and August.
The Mungyeong area is believed to have been controlled by a mixture of
Jinhan and
Byeonhan states during the
Samhan period in the first centuries of the
Common Era . The Jinhan state of Geungi-guk may have been located near Sanyang-myeon. Byeonhan states such as Sabeol-guk and Gosunsi-guk, which probably controlled the
Hamchang area of Sangju, may also have extended their control over adjacent areas that are now part of Mungyeong. However, this stage of local history is almost entirely hypothetical, since very little evidence of any kind remains.
At any rate, the rising power of
Silla controlled the area by
505 . Capitalizing on the territory's strategic potential, Silla set up various mountain fortresses in the area to control movement in and out of western
Korea . Control of transit through the area would have gained even greater importance after Silla's
553 seizure of the
Han River valley on the western side of the mountains. At this time the low
Haneuljae pass near
Poam Mountain was probably the favored crossing, in contrast to the higher Mungyeong Saejae pass which came into favor in the
Joseon Period .
As Silla reorganized its administrative structure under
King Seongdeok in
757 , the Mungyeong area was placed under the province of Sangju, and divided among various ''hyeon'', or local districts. During this
Unified Silla period the temple of Gwaneumsa, of which all but a few traces have vanished, was constructed near Haneuljae in present-day Mungyeong-eup.
In the early
Goryeo period, in
983 ,
King Seongjong reorganized local government yet again. Most of Mungyeong remained divided into assorted hyeon, under the central jurisdiction of Sangju. In
1390 , Mungyeong-gun (Mungyeong County) begins to appear in the records, although not with its current boundaries.
In the Joseon period, the
Eight Provinces were laid out and thus Mungyeong became part of
Gyeongsang , which it remains. During later Joseon times, the road from Seoul to Busan was established running over Mungyeong Saejae. Beginning in the
18th Century , gates were erected on the road to control traffic and protect travelers from brigandage. These gates are still preserved today.
The first railroads were constructed in the area during the period of Japanese occupation. Jeomchon Station was opened on
December 25 ,
1924 . However, the pace of resource extraction did not accelerate greatly until the post-war period, under the first South Korean government led by
Syngman Rhee . Construction on the Gaeun Line, with the goal of improving access to the coal deposits around Gaeun, began on
January 18 ,
1953 , before the official end of the
Korean War (the line was completed in
1955 ).
Local self-governance was established in the early years of the Republic of Korea, but abruptly cancelled following the military coup of
1961 . After the end of military dictatorship, local representative government was reinstituted in
1991 . At that time, the present-day territory of Mungyeong was divided between Jeomchon City and Mungyeong County. The city acquired its present-day borders on
January 1 ,
1995 , when the two former units were merged to form Mungyeong City.
The seat of government is located in Jeomchon 4-dong. Local government is ruled by representative democracy in a parliamentary system. However, many aspects of local governance are actually under centralized provincial or national control. For example, educational affairs are overseen by the Mungyeong Office of Education, which reports not to the city government but to the North Gyeongsang provincial Office of Education. A similar situation applies to the local police.
The mayors of Mungyeong city have been
Elected by popular vote since
1995 . Under current south Korean law, elections are held every four years. The current mayor of Mungyeong City is
Park In Won , who began serving on
July 1 ,
2002 after prevailing in the local elections of
June 13 ,
2002 . Park is an independent. This is unusual in North Gyeongsang, where most elected officials are members of the conservative
Hannara Party. The vice mayor is Jeong Rak Jae, who began serving on
September 2 ,
2003 .
The head of the Mungyeong city council is
Jeong Gyu-hwa (정규화/鄭圭和), who was elected from Jeomchon 3-dong. There are a total of thirteen members altogether.
The city court of Mungyeong is located near the city hall. Along with the Yecheon city court, it is one of two courts overseen by the Sangju circuit, which in turn reports to the Daegu District Court in the provincial capital.
The population of Mungyeong continues to fall, as more people move away to major urban centers such as Daegu and Seoul. Unbalanced birth and death rates also play a part. As of 2003, the city recorded 1.6 births per day but 2.3 deaths.
{Link without Title} This probably reflects the disproportionate tendency of those who move away to be younger people of child-bearing age.
The overwhelming majority of Mungyeong's people (approximately 99.7%) are
Ethnic Korean . Many of them are from families with long and deep roots in the area.
The Mungyeong economy during much of the
20th Century was based on
Coal Mining . However, these mines were closed in the
1980s , and since then the municipal government has focused on developing tourism, agriculture and light industry in the region.
Because of its mountainous condition, most of Mungyeong's land (roughly 75%) is unsuitable for farming. Nonetheless, the
Agricultural sector continues to play an important role in the local economy as well. Some local produce is sold directly in the area, but most is exported to major urban centers around South Korea. Orchard farming, particularly
Apple growing plays an important role, with 4.4 km² of land devoted to orcharding.
The local government has set up various institutions to promote agricultural and industrial development, including "agro-industrial complexes" located around the rural districts. These efforts have met with some success, as for example the area under orchard cultivation expanded significantly in the late
1990s .
In terms of media it may be considered largely identical with the rest of northern North Gyeongsang. Broadcast is dominated by network outlets in Daegu or
Andong , and most available newspapers are printed in Seoul, although provincial newspapers also circulate.
Local journalism, therefore, is primarily limited to local weekly
Newspaper s such as the ''
Saejae Sinmun ''. These weeklies are dominated by
Classified Advertising , but also carry a selection of local news and commentary.
In recent years,
Cable Television and high-speed
Internet service has become widespread in Mungyeong.
Mungyeong city is divided into 2 eup, 7 myeon and 5 dongs. These are the primary divisions of the city; each is divided in turn into a large number of ri. ''(For more information on these terms, see
Administrative Divisions Of South Korea )''. The dongs are all clustered around the town of Jeomchon. The smallest is Jeomchon 1-dong, which covers only 0.98 square kilometers and covers the traditional city center of Jeomchon. The largest is Jeomchon 4-dong northwest of town, which at 29.62 km² is bigger than all the others put together. Prior to
January 1 ,
2004 , the dongs were known by individual names; for example, Jeomchon 4-dong was known as "Mojeon-dong."
Six of the myeon, or townships, from an L, with its bottom in the southeast near the confluence of the Yeong and Nakdong rivers:
Yeongsun-myeon ,
Sanyang-myeon ,
Maseong-myeon ,
Hogye-myeon ,
Sanbuk-myeon and
Dongno-myeon .
Nongam-myeon lies south of Gaeun, at Mungyeong's southern limit.
Gaeun-eup was once an important town in its own right, but has now become largely marginalized. Mungyeong-eup, the principal center of the city apart from Jeomchon, is found in the northern area of the county. It was the seat of Mungyeong County before that entity was merged with Jeomchon City to form the modern boundaries of Mungyeong. It still retains a relatively high profile in the county, with its own library and intercity bus terminal.
In the late
9th Century , when Mungyeong was a part of the Sangju district of Silla, a man from
Gaeun-eup (then Gaseon-hyeon) named
Ajagae fomented a local
Peasant Rebellion which seized the fortress of Sangju. The man's son,
Gyeon Hwon , who was also probably born in Gaeun, ruled the kingdom of
Hubaekje during the
Later Three Kingdoms Period .
Various literary figures of the Joseon period hailed from Mungyeong, as did heroes of the resistance against Japanese attacks in the late
16th Century (the local commander
Sin Gil-won , 1548-1592) and of the
Righteous Army movement in the early
20th (the leader
I Gang-nyeon , 1858-1908).
Numerous tourist attractions have been promoted throughout the city of Mungyeong. By far the best-known of these around the country is
Mungyeong Saejae , the mountain pass where the old road from Busan to Seoul passed over the Sobaek mountains and out of the
Gyeongsang region. The three gates which controlled traffic on that road are now maintained as tourist attractions.
Various other places around Mungyeong are renowned for their scenery. Among these is the Jinnam Bridge area, which a regional newspaper called the ''s, a
Shooting range, a
Paragliding area, and the Gyeongcheon Lake
Reservoir in the east.
Parkland takes up a significant portion of Mungyeong's total area. The
Songnisan National Park covers part of Gaeun-eup in the southwest. Mungyeong Saejae is itself a provincial park, covering a substantial area of Mungyeong-eup. Also covering part of Mungyeong-eup and a considerable chunk of Dongno-myeon is
Woraksan National Park .
The municipal government has striven to convert the coal-mining tradition into a tourist attraction as much as possible. For example, a Coal Museum has been set up in Gaeun, which was once the heart of the mining district. Likewise, the former
Gaeun Line railroad has been converted into a
Bicycle Path .
The automobile is the preferred means of transportation for most Mungyeong residents. Auto ownership is quite high, with a total of 21,687 cars owned, according to local statistics.
{Link without Title} However, because of the city's low population density, traffic congestion is rare. National highways connect Jeomchon with Sangju, Chungju and Yeongju.
Before the end of
2004 , the portion of the
Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway running through Mungyeong was completed. Interchanges with the expressway are located at Jeomchon and Mungyeong-eup. This has led to significant changes in local transit patterns and the local economy.
The city's public transit needs are primarily served by buses: city buses which operate locally and to neighboring Sangju and Yecheon, and intercity buses which carry passengers to more distant destinations. Bus terminals are located in Mungyeong-eup and Jeomchon. Because of low passenger traffic, most intercity buses which pass through Mungyeong City also stop in Sangju.
Mungyeong is also served by passenger rail, through the
Gyeongbuk Line , which runs from
Yeongju to Gimcheon (where it joins the
Gyeongbu Line , and stops at Jeomchon Station. In the past, the
Mungyeong Line and
Gaeun Line , spurs which run from Jeomchon Station to Mungyeong-eup and Gaeun-eup, also carried passenger traffic. However, this was discontinued by the
Korean National Railroad in
1995 , as part of a general restructuring. The Gyeongbuk Line carries three to five passenger trains a day in each direction, in addition to significant freight traffic.
No airports are located within Mungyeong, but a small airport with passenger service operates in neighboring Yecheon.
The culture of Mungyeong is generally speaking similar to that of other rural areas in Gyeongsang province. It is marked by a relatively strong persistence of
Korean Confucian values.
The city retains ties to traditional arts. Various Korean folksongs, including the Mungyeong Saejae
Arirang , are distinctive to the district. However, the most intensely promoted art form in the district is Mungyeong's traditional
Ceramic craft, which dates to the Joseon period and is still practiced by many master potters in the area.
Local cuisine, although broadly similar to South Korean cuisine in general, does contain some local flourishes. The North Gyeongsang specialty ''
Jjim Dalk '', a spicy chicken and noodle dish, and Chuncheon-style chicken
Galbi are widely available.
As elsewhere in South Korea,
Christianity coexists with
Korean Buddhism and
Shamanism , and a large segment of the population professes no religious belief. Churches can be found in any sizeable community within Mungyeong. The area around
Joryeong Mountain contains numerous places of importance for shamanic practitioners, or ''musogin''.
No professional sports teams play in Mungyeong, but athletics is no less popular for that. The city stadium in Jeomchon hosts public athletic competitions, and in addition numerous private establishments such as
Batting cages can be found in the area.
As elsewhere in South Korea, there is a three-tiered
Public Educational system: 6 years of elementary school, 3 years of middle school, and 3 years of high school. School attendance is compulsory. Within Mungyeong, there are 18 elementary schools, 12 middle schools, and 8 high schools, all overseen by the Mungyeong Office of Education. There is one middle school and one high school exclusively for girls; the others are coeducational. Some high schools, such as Mungyeong Industrial High School and Mungyeong Tourist High School, provide specific vocational training.
Many parents supplement their children's public education with private instruction, and thus there are numerous
Hagwon s, or private academies, both in Jeomchon and outlying areas.
There is only one institution of higher education within Mungyeong, namely
Mun Kyung College in Hogye-myeon. Many attend universities nearby, such as
Sangju National University , or elsewhere in the country.
