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First Mexican Empire The First Mexican Empire was short lived, lasting only eight months from 21 July 1822 to 19 March 1823 and having only one Emperor , Agustín De Iturbide . When the Emperor Napoleon of France put his brother, Joseph , on the Spanish Throne in 1808 , ties between Spain and her American Colonies weakened and the movement for Mexican Independence grew stronger. The Mexican War Of Independence began in 1810 and continued until 1821 , when rebel troops entered Mexico City and the Treaty Of Córdoba was signed, whereby Spain recognized Mexico's independence. In that year, General Agustín de Iturbide, a Mexican-born '' Criollo '' who originally fought for the pro-Spanish royalists but switched his allegiance to the insurgents in the final phases of the war, was elected head of the provisional junta government and of the Regency that held the imperial power that Spain once had. On the night of the 18 May 1822 , a mass Demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya, which Iturbide had commanded during the War , marched through the streets and demanded that their commander-in-chief accept the throne. On 19 May 1822 , the Sovereign Congress named him the emperor and on 21 May 1822 , issued a decree officially confirming this appointment, which was officially a temporary measure until a Europe an Monarch could be found to rule Mexico. Iturbide's official title was By Divine Providence (the Grace of God) and the National Congress, First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico ( took place on 21 July 1822 , in Mexico City. As factions in the Congress began to sharply criticise both Iturbide and his policies, the emperor decided on 31 October to dissolve it. This enraged the commander of the Garrison at Veracruz , Antonio López De Santa Anna , who himself would be President in several terms, during the Secession of Texas and the disastrous Mexican-American War . Santa Anna and his troops rose up against Iturbide and declared a Republic on the 1 December . Fearing for his life as the rebellion grew stronger, the emperor ordered the dissolved Congress to reassemble on the 4 March 1823 . He presented his Abdication to them at a night-time session on 19 March 1823 . He fled to Italy shortly after. In April 1824 the Congress, having already declared his Administration Void , declared Iturbide a Traitor . When he returned to Mexico in July 1824 he was arrested on arrival in Tamaulipas and Executed . Second Mexican Empire See Also: French intervention in Mexico The Second Mexican Empire survived longer than the First Empire, however, it still only had one emperor, Maximilian Von Habsburg , who was installed as a puppet by Napoleon III Of France . It lasted three years from 1864 to 1867 . Because Emperor Maximilian was a foreigner, he was unpopular and many citizens did not regard him as the legitimate leader of Mexico. He was executed by Firing Squad in 1867 . Disputed Pretenders to the Imperial Throne of Mexico Since the deposition of Emperor Maximilian I in 1867, there has been no Monarchy in Mexico. Since then, there have been two rival pretender lines of accession to the Throne; one through Maximilian's adopted sons, originally grandsons of Agustín De Iturbide , the other claim through the Emperor's niece Princely-Countess Anna-Victoria Von Habsburg-Gueroust - daughter of Archduke Louis Of Austria . The former claim that they are rightfully entitled to the nominal Throne of Mexico because the elder son of Agustín de Iturbide was named as Maximilian's successor. The latter claim that because both Agustín I and his grandson Salvador both renounced their rights to the Throne, thereby making the only blood-relations of Maximilian, the descendants of Anna-Victoria Von Habsburg-Gueroust , the rightful. See also External links |