( that contains the City of
Manila itself, as well as sixteen surrounding cities and municipalities, including
Quezon City , the capital from
1948 to
1976 . Metro Manila is the political, economic, social, and cultural center of the Philippines, and is one of the modern metropolises in Southeast Asia. Among locals, particularly those from Manila proper and those in the provinces, Metro Manila is often simply referred to as ''Manila''; however locals from other parts of the metropolis may see this as offensive, owing to city pride and also the fact that some cities are actually geographically closer to the neighboring provinces than to Manila itself. Metro Manila is often abbreviated to ''M.M.''.
Metro Manila is the smallest of the country's
Administrative Regions , but the most populous and the most densely populated, having a population of 9,932,560 (2000
Census ) in an area only 636 square kilometers large. It is also the only region without any
Provinces . The region is bordered by the provinces of
Bulacan to the north,
Rizal to the east, and
Cavite and
Laguna to the south. Metro Manila is also sandwiched by the
Manila Bay to the west and the
Laguna De Bay to the southeast with the
Pasig River running between them, bisecting the region.
The term ''Metro Manila'' should not be confused with the
Metro rail system of the region, and the word ''metro'' itself always describes the metropolitan area (as in ''the metro''). The railways are called by their abbreviations, such as the LRT and the MRT, also known as Light Rail Transit and Metro Rail Transit, respectively.
On paper,
Manila is the designated capital and seat of the Philippine government, but in practice, the seats of government are all around Metro Manila. The executive and administrative seat of government is located in Manila, so is the judiciary. The upper house of the legislature (
Senate Of The Philippines ) is located in
Pasay City , and the lower house (
Congress Of The Philippines ) in
Quezon City .
, featuring most of the skyline of the
Makati and
Ortigas Center CBD 's.]]
Manila was first founded in
June 24 ,
1571 by three Spanish
Conquistadors , led by
Martín De Goiti ,
Juan De Salcedo and
Miguel López De Legazpi . In 1867, the Spanish Government of the Philippines founded the municipalities and territories south of the District of Morong in Nueva Ecija, north of the Province of Tondo, and Imperial Manila and isolated these from their mother province-Nueva Ecija. The Government created the Province of Manila composed of the Province of Tondo to the south and the isolated territories of Nueva Ecija to the north. The parts of Tondo were Navotas, Malabon, and Caloocan; and the parts of Nueva Ecija were Mariquina, Balintawak, Caloocan, Pasig, San Felipe Neri (presently called Makati), Las Piñas, what had been known as Paranaque, and Muntinlupa were combined to form the Province of Manila. The capital of the Province was Intramuros, then itself called and considered to be Manila, a walled city located along the banks of Pasig River and Manila Bay in the present Manila. In 1897, while the Imperial City of Manila is being prepared for industrialization, most houses in Tondo were demolished to give way to railroad construction. One of those whose house was demolished was Andres Bonifacio, the founder of the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangan, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Supreme and Revered Union of the Children of the Nation) or KKK, a secret organization which aimed towards independence and self-governance away from the Spanish government. In 1896, the Cry of Balintawak was initiated, an event which denounces the Spanish authority by tearing their ''cedulas'' or residence tax slips. Likewise, The Province of Manila was the 8th and last Province to revolt against Spain paving the establishment of the Federated Philippine Republics (composed of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bulacan, the District of Morong in Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Batangas, Cavite and Manila). The Province remained in existence until 1901, when its territory was subdivided.
In
1901 , the Philippine Assembly created the City of Manila composed of the Municipalities of Ermita, Intramuros or Imperial City of Manila, Tondo, Sta. Cruz, Sta. Ana, San Nicolas, San Miguel, Paco, Port Area, Pandacan, Sampaloc and others. Some Assemblymen included the municipalities of Caloocan, Marikina, Pasig, Parañaque, Malabon, Navotas, San Juan, Makati, Mandaluyong (San Felipe Neri), Las Piñas, Muntinglupa and Taguig-Pateros to a new province named Rizal. The capital of the province was Pasig.
In
1976 , owing a great respect to the history of Manila, President
Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree 824, creating the Metropolitan Manila Area. The site of the old province of Manila can no longer be used for agricultural purposes and therefore the term 'province' is not applicable. The decree seceded the 12 municipalities and 2 cities of Rizal, the municipality of Valenzuela in Bulacan, Quezon City and Manila. The Metropolitan Manila Commission is created to administer the emerging metropolis. Marcos appointed his wife
Imelda Marcos as governor of Metro Manila.
In
1986 , after a major government reorganization, President
Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 392 and changed the structure of the Metropolitan Manila Commission and renamed it to Metropolitan Manila Authority. Metro Manila Mayors chose from themselves as chair of the agency.
In
1995 , through Republic Act 7924, Metro Manila Authority was reorganized and became the
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority . The chair of the agency is appointed by the President and should not have a concurrent elected position like mayor.
Metro Manila is composed of fourteen
Cities and three
Municipalities . Each is governed by a mayor who belongs to the Metro Manila Mayor's League, which is part of the
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA).
2000 Census
Unlike other regions which are divided into
Provinces , Metro Manila or the National Capital Region (NCR) is divided into four nonfunctioning districts, which are grouped according to geographical basis in reference to the
Pasig River . These districts were created in 1976 but have no local government and no congressional representation, in contrast to that of the provinces. These districts are used mostly for fiscal and statistical purposes.
The cities and municipalities within the NCR are grouped into the four districts as follows:
- City of Manila
- Mandaluyong City , Marikina City , Pasig City , Quezon City , San Juan
- Caloocan City , Malabon City , Navotas , Valenzuela City
- Las Piñas City , Makati City , Muntinlupa City , Parañaque City , Pasay City , Pateros , Taguig City
Manila has been the capital of the Philippines for about 500 years, as well as of Spanish Asia, and for this reason, Metro Manila, has a lot to offer, in terms of interesting areas and places.
Located west of Metro Manila, and other popular American-based Protestant movements, such as
Benny Hinn International Ministries. Nearby the Rizal Park is a 400 year old Imperial City known as Intramuros, a walled domain which was once the seat of government during the Spanish Colonial Era and Mid-American Periods. Among the attractions are the Fort Santiago, a timeworn Spanish military fortress which was also the cell for the national hero, Jose Rizal in 1896; Casa Manila, a Spanish colonial villa which is converted into a house gallery; Manila Cathedral, the official seat of the Archbishop of Manila; San Agustin Church, the oldest existing church/building in the Philippines that survived the wars and earthquakes of Manila since 1587; Intramuros Golf Club, a prime golf course outside the walls; and the Clam Shell Tent, an exhibition center of the Department of Tourism. Horse-carriages and tourist buses are also some of the attractions. The rest also includes a walk above the walls surrounding Intramuros, government offices, universities and colonial houses. Fort Bonifacio, or FB, is the location of military detachments, cemeteries, International schools, and world-class dining and shopping facilities. Other local recreation areas include the Nayong Pilipino (Philippine Village) in Parañague City, Quezon City Memorial Circle and Ninoy Aquino Wildlife Center, both located in Diliman district of Quezon City, the posh Greenbelt Center, located in Makati City, the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex and Bay City, both located in Pasay City. Meanwhile, the Paco Park, Arroceros Botanical Garden, Manila Zoo, Plaza Rajah Sulayman, Plaza Miranda, new Rizal Avenue Bargain Walkway, the all-steel Gothic Church of San Sebastian, the bars and night clubs of Ermita and Malate districts and the famous Roxas Boulevard Bay Walk which offers a fine view of the legendary Manila Bay sunset and hip-dining of Asian, Western and Filipino cuisine, are all located in Manila.
Metro Manila currently has a large number of malls in the
Philippines , and the largest of these is the
SM Mall Of Asia in the Pasay City reclamation area. Before the Mall of Asia was completed, the largest was
SM Megamall in Ortigas Center.
Other shopping centers in Ortigas Center include Robinson's Galleria, Shangri-la Plaza, and The Podium.
Recently opened in Pasig is a new development called Frontera Verde, which currently hosts Tiendesitas, a tiangge-style shopping center. Soon to rise are a new SM development as well as several other malls.
In the Central Business District of Makati, the
Ayala Center hosts other malls, including Glorietta and the upscale Greenbelt shopping districts. Also in Makati is the Rockwell Center. These places are frequented by most of Metro Manila's rich.
Taguig City has a mall named ''Market-Market!'', which is strategically located in a transportation hub.
In Manila itself, the largest malls include SM City Manila and Robinson's Place-Ermita.
Cubao is
Quezon City 's Central Commercial Area that hosts 5 malls that includes the ultra-modern Gateway Mall. Other malls include various SM chains in the metropolis. Aside from Cubao, there is also Eastwood, located along Libis.
Metro Manila has a lot of markets, locally called ''palengke''. One of these are the Central Market, located in Quiapo district of Manila, and Divisoria Market, also in Manila. Cloverleaf Market in Balintawak, Quezon City supplies most of Metro Manila's fruit and vegetable products. Navotas Port Market supplies most of Metro Manila's fish products. Other smaller markets include the markets of Cubao Farmers, Nepa-Q Mart, Muñoz, Balingasa, Galas, Santa Mesa, Novaliches Talipapa, Baclaran, Pasay Libertad, and Pasay Cartimar, the latter also being one of the finest pet markets in the Philippines.
Midway between a mall and a market are the Philippine-only ''tiangge''s, or airconditioned markets selling goods such as clothes, shoes, accessories, computer parts, mobile phones, CDs, VCDs, MP3s, iPods, and DVDs. Among these can be found in Greenhills Shopping Center in the municipality of San Juan and St. Francis Square in Mandaluyong City.
CBD]]
Makati City is widely acknowledged as the financial capital of the country where one can find the Interesting landmarks in Makati's Central Business District include
Ayala Center , composed of
Glorietta and
Greenbelt ,
Ayala Museum , and
Yuchengco Museum . Also in Makati is Rockwell Center. Most multi-national company offices and embassies in the Philippines are situated in Makati. Also posing as a competitor for a vibrant business center are Bonifacio Global City in Taguig, Eastwood City in Quezon City, Ortigas Center in Pasig City, Manila Bay City Reclamation Area in the cities of Pasay, Parañaque and Las Piñas, and Alabang Estates and Madrigal Business Park in Muntinlupa.
Dining is primarily concentrated in the vast malls, and in Greenhills, Ortigas Center, Makati, Eastwood City, Rockwell Center, and in Roxas Boulevard.
Nightlife in Metro Manila is very vibrant. The districts of
Malate and
Ermita in Manila are popular tourist spots, while some prefer to go to Timog Avenue, especially Dapo on Scout Borromeo, and Eastwood and Acropolis in Quezon City, the Fort Bonifacio Global City in Taguig, or
Ayala Center and Rockwell Center in Makati City.
Metro Manila is a place of economic extremes.
Most of the rich and upper-middle class in the country reside in places such as Forbes Park, Dasmariñas Village, Bel-Air Village, and Urdaneta Village in Makati, Loyola Heighs, La Vista Subdivision, Corinthian Gardens, Greenmeadows, Baranggay South Triangle, Baranggay West Triangle, New Manila, St. Ignatius Village, and White Plains of Quezon City, Valle Verde Village of Pasig City, Marina Village of Parañaque City, Greenhills in San Juan, and Ayala Alabang in Muntinlupa City. In these areas, which are mostly
Gated Communities , there is an abundance of large homes, a considerable number of which are owned by wealthy, landed families of Filipino-Spanish mestizo, Filipino-Chinese, Chinese, and expatriate descent. Other rich families opt to live urban lifestyles and instead own large apartments and condominium units. That the area is populated by many of the wealthiest people in the country has also driven the real estate value of the properties in these areas such that they are unmatched anywhere else.
There are also some smaller villages in Quezon City, Las Piñas, Parañaque, and Pasay.
However, practically side-by-side with the residences of Metro Manila's elite are slums and squatter's areas, most of which are in the outskirts of the aforementioned cities, as well as areas left behind by the rapid development of the rest of Metro Manila, such as Tondo and Sampaloc in Manila, Guadalupe in Makati, some parts of Marikina, Caloocan, and Valenzuela, and most parts of Navotas. The poor largely outnumber the rich in Metro Manila. Many of the poor come from the provinces to the metropolis seeking better living.
Metro Manila is also characterized by a large middle class group scattered throughout the metropolis. While still numbering less than the poor, the middle-class group in Metro Manila enjoys much more spending power, access to education, and far better living qualities.
''For other places, go to the articles of the individual cities and municipalities of Metro Manila.''
''See also:
Transportation In The Philippines ''
''Main article:
Major Roads In Metro Manila ''
]]
The metropolis has an extensive system of highways connecting the various cities and municipalities. The major roads include ten , which branch out from central
Manila and five '''circumferential roads''' which form a series of concentric semi-circular arcs around downtown Manila. Most of these roads are very important transportation arteries. One is the C-4 (Circumferential Road 4), also called
Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue or more popularly as EDSA. It is the major thoroughfare in Metro Manila connecting five cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Caloocan. Some other important roads are R-1 (Radial Road 1) (
Roxas Boulevard and
Manila-Cavite Expressway ) connecting to
Cavite province in the southwest; R-3 or the
South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) connecting to
Laguna Province in the southeast; R-6 (Aurora Boulevard and Marcos Highway) connecting to
Rizal province in the east; and R-8 or the
North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) connecting to
Bulacan province in the north. One of its newest roads, the
Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard , running on the
Reclamation Area parallel to R-1, is one of the destinations of Manila's elite.
Metro Manila is notorious for its traffic jams. A trip that should take 20 minutes will last an hour or more especially during rush hours. Consequently, the
Metro Manila Development Authority (see also section below) has constructed many projects to decongest traffic.
Such projects of the MMDA for motorists are the construction of
Flyover s (elevated roads),
Interchanges , ''loading bays'' for Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs), ''emergency bays'', and ''U-Turn slots'' over various intersections and thoroughfares, and the completion of the comprehensive railway system (see below). It has also been engaged in road widening with the support of the Department of Public Works and Highways. MMDA has also utilized projects for the pedestrians such as the installation of footbridges, waiting sheds, and men's urinals to various roads in the metropolis. The agency has also implemented various schemes for motorists such as the Uniform Vehicular Volume Reduction Scheme (UVRRS), more popularly known as "color coding", where vehicles whose plate numbers end in different digits are banned from traveling on different days, the Yellow Lane scheme, where yellow-plated PUBs (Public Utility Buses) will only use the two outermost lanes in EDSA, and the Organized Bus Route (OBR) for Metro Manila.
with the
MRT in the center]]
''Main articles:
Manila Light Rail Transit System ,
Manila Metro Rail Transit System , and
Philippine National Railways ''
As Of 2005 there are 3 commuter train systems in Metro Manila, namely, the Yellow Line, the Purple Line, and the Blue Line.
Stations of Metro Manila commuter train systems:
Note: ''Station names that are italicized are not yet built.''
- (Metrorail/Yellow Line) -Manila to Caloocan City; Manila to Pasay City: Monumento, 5th Avenue, Ricardo Papa, Jose Abad Santos, Blumentritt, Tayuman, Bambang, Doroteo Jose, Carriedo, Central, United Nations Avenue, Pedro Gil, Quirino Avenue, Vito Cruz, Sen. Gil Puyat, Libertad, EDSA Pasay, Baclaran, ''Redemptorist, Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Asia World, Ninoy Aquino, Dr. A. Santos, manuyo Uno, Las Pinas, Zapote, Talaba, Niyog''
- (Megatren/Purple Line) -Manila to San Juan, Quezon City, and Pasig City: Santolan, Katipunan, Anonas, Cubao, B.G. Belmonte, Gilmore, J. Ruiz, V. Mapa, Pureza, Legarda, C.M. Recto
- (Metrostar Express/Blue Line) -Pasay City to Makati City, Mandaluyong City, and Quezon City: Taft Ave., Magallanes, Ayala, Buendia, Guadalupe, Boni, Shaw, Ortigas, Santolan-Annapolis, Cubao, Kamuning, Quezon Avenue, North Avenue, ''Roosevelt, Balintawak, Monumento''
Five other commuter train systems are planned to be built, which will connect Metro Manila with the towns of Bulacan, Cavite, Rizal, and Laguna provinces.
There is also a motor railway currently used by indigent Metro Manila residents. This railway is part of the once flourishing Luzon railway system. The system starts at
Tondo, Manila and commences in
Buli, Muntinlupa City .
The country's main airport is the
Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) which straddles the boundary between
Parañaque City and
Pasay City . It presently consists of two terminals, while a third one will open soon. There is also a separate domestic terminal. There are two main runways and the hangar of
Philippine Airlines is located near the
Villamor Air Base .
There are four airport terminals in Metro Manila, all of which are located in Parañaque City, 9 kilometers south of the City of Manila.
- : NAIA-1 is the original terminal and was constructed in 1981. The 67,000 square meter terminal was designed by Filipino architect Leandro V. Locsin and has a design capacity of 4.5 million passengers per year. It currently serves all non-Philippine Airlines international flights. The terminal has reached capacity in 1991 and has been over capacity ever since.
- : NAIA-2 terminal was finished in 1998 and is named the Centennial Terminal since 1998 was the centennial year of the declaration of Philippine independence. The 75,000 square meter terminal was originally designed by Aéroports de Paris to be a domestic terminal, but the design was later modified to accommodate international flights. It has a capacity of 2.5 million passengers per year in its international wing and 5 million in its domestic wing, which later will expand to nine million passengers yearly. Terminal 2 is the home of Philippine Airlines and is used for both its domestic and international flights since it has the most flights out of the NAIA terminals.
- : NAIA-3 was approved for construction in 1997 and is nearly complete. The modern US$500 million, 189,000 square meter facility was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) to have a capacity of 13 million passengers per year. However, a legal dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, PIATCO, over alleged anomalies in the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contract, is holding completion and opening of the terminal. On December 2004, the Philippine Government took over the management of the facility through an order of the Pasay City Regional Trial Court (RTC). Manila International Airport Authority is due to announce its opening in March 2006.
- : The Domestic Airport was built on 1948 on the old Airport Road. It currently handles all domestic air traffic, excluding Philippine Airlines. Currently, the terminal is composed of two single-story buildings and serves the domestic flights of other local carriers, which are Cebu Pacific, Air Philippines, Asian Spirit, Southeast Asian Airlines (Seair), and Laoag International Airlines.
Being in the heart of the Tagalog region,
Tagalogs constitute the majority in Metro Manila. However, being the capital of the nation, Metro Manila has also attracted great migrations of other Filipino ethnolinguistic groups from around the country, especially those of
Ilocano ,
Bicolano ,
Cebuano ,
Waray , and
Maranao descent. Manila is the main hub of the
Spanish Mestizo minority. Small foreign communities include the
Chinese , Americans, South Asians, Spaniards, Indonesians, Japanese, Koreans, Arabs, and various others.
Filipino (the National Language that is based on Manileño Tagalog) and
English are both official languages, and virtually all Metro Manilans understand them. Other languages spoken by regional immigrants include
Tagalog ,
Cebuano ,
Bicolano ,
Waray ,
Kapampangan ,
Ilocano , and
Maranao , though there are also more than 86 different dialects in the Philippines. Foreign languages other than English spoken by a limited number of people, mostly immigrant communities, include
Spanish ,
Sindhi ,
Punjabi ,
Japanese ,
Bahasa Indonesia ,
Korean , and several other
European Languages .
The principal religion of the Filipinos is
Roman Catholicism . The Chinese and the Indians practice
Buddhism and
Hinduism , respectively, while those of American, Northern European, and Chinese descent tend to be
Protestants .
Islam is the religion of the Maranao Filipinos and Indonesians.
Metro Manila is home to several leading Philippine educational institutions such as the
Ateneo De Manila University ,
De La Salle University , the
University Of The Philippines (both the Diliman and Manila campuses), and the
University Of Santo Tomas . Other noteworthy institutions of higher learning include
Adamson University ,
Arellano University ,
Assumption College ,
Centro Escolar University , the
Colegio De San Juan De Letran ,
Far Eastern University ,
Miriam College ,
Pamantasang Lungsod Ng Maynila ,
Philippine Normal University ,
Philippine Women's University ,
Polytechnic University Of The Philippines ,
San Beda College , the
University Of Asia And The Pacific , the
University Of The East , and the
University Of Manila .
Metro Manila is also home to numerous public and private basic education institutions, science high schools, and international schools.
Every year, thousands of students from the various countries of Asia, such as China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, and even from Europe go to the Philippines to study.
Police structure in the Philippines is centralized and its command center is located in Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City. Metro Manila is divided into 5 police districts namely Central (Quezon City), Western (City of Manila), Eastern (Mandaluyong, Pasig, San Juan), Northern (Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela) and Southern (Makati, Muntinlupa, Las Piñas, Parañaque, Taguig and Pateros).
The Armed Forces of the Philippines' command headquarters is located in Camp Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. Metro Manila is the National Capital Region Command created by President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to defend the metropolis from insurgents and terrorist groups. Philippine Army headquarters is located in Fort Bonifacio in Taguig City. Philippine Air Force headquarters is located in Villamor Airbase in Pasay City. Philippine Navy headquarters was once located in Roxas Boulevard in Manila until its transfer by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to
Zamboanga City .
Metro Manila's electricity is generated by the state-owned National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) and other independent power producers across the island of Luzon. It is transmitted by the state-owned National Transmission Corporation (TransCo) through several high tension wires. It is stored and distributed by the
Manila Electric Company (
MERALCO ). MERALCO also distributes electricity to its nearby provinces of Bulacan, Cavite and Rizal. Up to this date, MERALCO is the only company allowed to distribute electricity to the metropolis.
Metro Manila's tap water is sourced from the Angat Dam in
Norzagaray ,
Bulacan . It is stored in the Novaliches Reservoir located in the Northeast of Quezon City. It is filtered in the La Mesa Dam also in the Northeast. Metro Manila's water distribution and sewerage system was used to be managed by the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage System (MWSS), a state-owned company. In 1996, MWSS awarded concessionare licenses to two private corporations.
Metro Manila was sliced into two distribution areas.
- . It is owned by the Benpres Holdings Company, who also owned a majority share of MERALCO.
- --- Western Quezon City
- --- Southern Caloocan City
- --- Manila (excludes Downtown)
- --- Valenzuela City
- --- Malabon City
- --- Navotas
- --- Pasay City
- --- Parañaque City
- --- Las Piñas City
- --- Western Muntinlupa City
- . It is owned by the Ayala Corporation, who also owned a majority share of Globe Telecoms.
- --- Eastern Quezon City
- --- Northern Caloocan City
- --- Downtown Manila
- --- Marikina City
- --- Pasig City
- --- Taguig City
- --- Pateros
- --- Makati City
- --- Mandaluyong City
- --- San Juan
- --- Eastern Muntinlupa City
Since 1925, the
Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (
PLDT ) was the Philippines' only phone carrier. With the passage of the National Telecommunications Act of 1995, the Philippine
National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) granted licenses to new and independent companies to install new phones across the Philippines. The NTC granted 3 new licenses for Metro Manila.
- - Northern Metro Manila
- --- Quezon City
- --- Northern Caloocan City
- --- Malabon City
- --- Navotas
- --- Valenzuela City
- --- Marikina City
- --- Pasig City (Ortigas Center)
- --- Northeastern Manila
- - Southern Metro Manila
- --- Makati City
- --- Mandaluyong City
- --- Muntinlupa City
- --- Pasay City
- --- Las Piñas City
- --- Parañaque City
- --- Taguig City
- --- Pasig City (excludes Ortigas Center)
- --- Pateros
- --- San Juan
- - Western Metro Manila
- --- Manila (excludes Northeastern part)
- --- Southern Caloocan City
There are three wireless telecommunication companies serving Metro Manila as well as the rest of the Philippines. These are :
- Smart Communications / Pilipino Telecommunications Corp., a PLDT subsidiary - using the brands ''Smart'',''Talk n Text'', and ''Addict Mobile''
- Globe Telecom - using the brands ''Globe/Globe Handyphone'', and ''Touch Mobile''
- Digitel Mobile - using the brand ''Sun Cellular''.
The (MMDA) is the administrative body in charge of the metropolis' development, and solving perennial problems such as traffic management, flood control, garbage disposal and sewage maintenace. It closely coordinates with various other organizations such as the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) and the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), as well as the local government units of the component cities and municipalities. Its agency's head is appointed by the president, which is now presided by Chairman
Bayani Fernando .
It is a member of
Asian Network Of Major Cities 21 .
