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March 31 is the 90 th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap Year s), with 275 days remaining.
Events
- 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina , Constantine marries Fausta , the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian .
- 1717 - A Sermon on " The Nature Of The Kingdom Of Christ " by Benjamin Hoadly , the Bishop Of Bangor , provoked the Bangorian Controversy .
- orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed in the Boston Port Act .
- 1854 - Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Treaty Of Kanagawa with the Japan ese Government , opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
- 1866 - The Spanish Navy bombs the harbour of Valparaíso , Chile ..
- 1885 - The United Kingdom establishes a Protectorate over Bechuanaland .
- 1889 - The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated.
- 1906 - The Intercollegiate Athletic Association Of The United States (later National Collegiate Athletic Association ) is established to set rules for amateur Sport s in the United States .
- 1909 - Serbia accepts Austria n control over Bosnia-Herzegovina .
- 1917 - The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies after paying $25 million to Denmark , and renames the territory the U.S. Virgin Islands .
- 1918 - Daylight Savings Time goes into effect in the United States for the first time.
- 1930 - The Motion Pictures Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in Motion Pictures for the next forty years.
- 1931 - An Earthquake destroys Managua Nicaragua , killing 2,000.
- 1933 - The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission to relieve rampant unemployment.
- 1942 - In World War II , Japanese forces Invade Christmas Island , then a British possession.
- 1949 - The Dominion Of Newfoundland joins Confederation and becomes the 10th Province of Canada .
- 1957 - Elections to the Territorial Assembly of the French colony Upper Volta . After the elections PDU and MDV form a Government .
- 1959 - The 14th Dalai Lama , Tenzin Gyatso , crosses the border into India and is granted Political Asylum .
- 1964 - The Dictatorship In Brazil , under the aegis of general Castello Branco , begins.
- 1966 - The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first Spaceprobe to enter orbit around the Moon .
- 1968 - President Lyndon Johnson announces he will not run for re-election.
- 1970 - Explorer 1 re-enters the Earth 's atmosphere (after 12 years in orbit).
- 1970 - Eight Terrorists from the Japanese Red Army Hijacked a Japan Airlines Boeing 727 at Tokyo International Airport , wielding Samurai Swords and carrying a Bomb .
- 1979 - The last British soldier leaves the Maltese Islands .
- 1981 - Attempted assassination on President Ronald Reagan.
- 1986 - A Mexicana Boeing 727 en route to Puerto Vallarta erupts in flames and crashes in the mountains northwest of Mexico City , killing 166.
- 1986 - Six Metropolitan County councils are abolished in England .
- 1994 - The Journal '' Nature '' reports the finding in Ethiopia of the first complete '' Australopithecus Afarensis '' skull (see Human Evolution ).
- 1998 - Netscape releases the Code Base of its browser under an Open Source license agreement; the open source project is given the code name Mozilla , and would eventually be spun off into the non-profit Mozilla Foundation .
- 1999 - The Matrix , first episode of the Matrix trilogy movies, is released in theaters.
- 2004 - Google announces Gmail , the first web-based mail service to offer 1 Gigabyte of storage.
- 2004 - In Fallujah , Iraq , 4 American Private Military Contractor s working for Blackwater USA , are killed and their bodies mutilated after being ambushed.
Births
- 250 - Constantius Chlorus , Roman Emperor (d. 306 )
- 1499 - Pope Pius IV (d. 1565 )
- 1504 - Guru Angad Dev , second Sikh guru (d. 1552 )
- 1519 - King Henry II Of France (d. 1559 )
- 1536 - Ashikaga Yoshiteru , Japanese shogun (d. 1565 )
- 1596 - René Descartes , French mathematician (d. 1650 )
- 1621 - Andrew Marvell , English poet (d. 1678 )
- 1651 - Karl II, Elector Palatine (d. 1685 )
- 1675 - Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758 )
- 1718 - Marianne Victoria Of Borbón , queen regent of Portugal (d. 1781 )
- 1723 - King Frederick V Of Denmark (d. 1766 )
- 1732 - Franz Josef Haydn , Austrian composer (d. 1809 )
- 1777 - Charles Cagniard De La Tour , French physicist (d. 1859 )
- 1778 - Coenraad Jacob Temminck , Dutch zoologist (d. 1858 )
- 1809 - Edward FitzGerald , English poet (d. 1883 )
- 1811 - Robert Wilhelm Bunsen , German chemist and inventor (d. 1899 )
- 1819 - Prince Chlodwig Zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst , Chancellor Of Germany (d. 1901 )
- 1871 - Arthur Griffith , President Of Ireland (d. 1922 )
- 1872 - Alexandra Kollontai , Russian ambassador to Norway (d. 1952 )
- 1878 - Jack Johnson , American boxer (d. 1946 )
- 1885 - Pascin , Bulgarian painter (d. 1930 )
- 1890 - William Lawrence Bragg , English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971 )
- 1891 - Victor Varconi , Hungarian film actor (d. 1976 )
- 1906 - Sin-Itiro Tomonaga , Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979 )
- 1911 - Elisabeth Grümmer , Alsatian soprano (d. 1986 )
- 1914 - Octavio Paz , Mexican diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998 )
- 1915 - Albert Hourani , English historian (d. 1993 )
- 1922 - Richard Kiley , American actor and singer (d. 1999 )
- 1924 - Leo Buscaglia , American author (d. 1998 )
- 1926 - John Fowles , English author (d. 2005 )
- 1927 - César Chávez , American labor activist (d. 1993 )
- 1927 - William Daniels , American actor
- 1928 - Lefty Frizzell , American singer and songwriter (d. 1975 )
- 1928 - Gordie Howe , Canadian hockey player
- 1929 - Lucille Bliss , American voice actress
- 1929 - Liz Claiborne , Belgian fashion designer
- 1929 - Bertram Fields , American lawyer
- 1931 - Miller Barber , American professional golfer
- 1933 - Nichita Stănescu , Romanian poet (d. 1983 )
- 1934 - Richard Chamberlain , American actor
- 1934 - Shirley Jones , American singer and actress
- 1934 - Carlo Rubbia , Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1935 - Herb Alpert , American trumpeter and band leader
- 1935 - Judith Rossner , American author
- 1936 - Bob Pulford , Canadian hockey player
- 1936 - Marge Piercy , American writer
- 1938 - Sheila Dikshit , Chief Minister of Delhi
- 1938 - David Steel , Scottish politician
- 1939 - Zviad Gamsakhurdia , first President Of Georgia (d. 1993 )
- 1939 - Volker Schlöndorff , German film director
- 1940 - Patrick Leahy , U.S. Senator from Vermont
- 1940 - Barney Frank , U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
- 1942 - Michael Savage , talk radio host and commentator
- 1943 - Christopher Walken , American actor
- 1945 - Valerie Curtin , American actress, writer, and producer
- 1945 - Gabe Kaplan , American actor and comedian
- 1946 - Gonzalo Márquez , Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (d. 1984 )
- 1947 - Cesar Gaviria Trujillo , President Of Colombia
- 1948 - Al Gore , Vice President Of The United States
- 1948 - Rhea Perlman , American actress
- 1950 - Ed Marinaro , American football player and actor
- 1950 - Andras Adorjan , Hungarian chess player
- 1955 - Angus Young , Scottish-born musician ( AC/DC )
- 1957 - Marc McClure , American actor
- 1965 - Tom Barrasso , American hockey player
- 1966 - Roger Black , British athlete
- 1971 - Pavel Bure , Russian hockey player
- 1971 - Ewan McGregor , Scottish actor
- 1973 - Bold Forbes , Puerto Rican racehorse (d. 2000 )
- 1974 - Stefan Olsdal , Swedish bassist ( Placebo )
- 1974 - Benjamin Eicher , Swiss film director
- 1976 - Josh Saviano , American actor
- 1978 - Stephen Clemence , English footballer
- 1978 - Jérôme Rothen , French footballer
- 1980 - Chien-Ming Wang , Taiwanese Major League Baseball player
- 1982 - Tal Ben Haim , Israeli footballer
- 1982 - Philippe Mexès , French footballer
Deaths
- 1204 - Eleanor Of Aquitaine , Queen of France and England (b. 1121 )
- 1340 - Ivan I Of Russia , Prince of Moscow (b. 1288 )
- 1567 - Philipp I Of Hesse (b. 1504 )
- 1621 - Philip III Of Spain (b. 1578 )
- 1631 - John Donne , English writer and prelate (b. 1572 )
- 1671 - Anne Hyde , queen of James II Of England (b. 1637 )
- 1703 - Johann Christoph Bach , German composer (b. 1642 )
- 1723 - Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl Of Clarendon , British Governor of New York and New Jersey (b. 1661 )
- 1727 - Sir Isaac Newton , mathematician and physicist (b. 1643 )
- 1741 - Pieter Burmann The Elder , Dutch classical scholar (b. 1668 )
- 1783 - Nikita Ivanovich Panin , Russian statesman (b. 1718 )
- 1837 - John Constable , English painter (b. 1776 )
- 1855 - Charlotte Brontë , English author (b. 1816 )
- 1880 - Henryk Wieniawski , Polish composer (b. 1835 )
- 1885 - Franz Wilhelm Abt , German composer (b. 1819 )
- 1913 - John Pierpont Morgan , American financier and banker (b. 1837 )
- 1917 - Emil Adolf Von Behring , German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine (b. 1854 )
- 1915 - Wyndham Halswelle , British runner (b. 1882 )
- 1931 - Knute Rockne , American football coach (b. 1888 )
- 1945 - Hans Fischer , German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881 )
- 1945 - Anne Frank , German-born diarist (b. 1929 )
- 1952 - Wallace H. White, Jr. , U.S. Senator from Maine (b. 1877 )
- 1954 - Edwin Armstrong , American electrical engineer and inventor (b. 1890 )
- 1956 - Ralph DePalma , Italian-born race car driver (b. 1884 )
- 1978 - Charles Best , Canadian medical scientist (b. 1899 )
- 1980 - Vladimír Holan , Czech poet (b. 1905 )
- 1980 - Jesse Owens , American athlete (b. 1913 )
- 1981 - Enid Bagnold , British author and playwright (b. 1889 )
- 1984 - Ronald Clark O'Bryan , American murderer (executed) (b. 1944 )
- 1985 - The Singing Nun , Belgian nun and singer (b. 1933 )
- 1988 - William McMahon , twentieth Prime Minister Of Australia (b. 1908 )
- 1993 - Brandon Lee , American actor (b. 1965 )
- 1995 - Selena , Mexican-American singer (b. 1971 )
- 1998 - Bella Abzug , American politician (b. 1920 )
- 1999 - Yuri Knorosov , Russian linguist and epigrapher (b. 1922 )
- 2001 - Clifford Shull , American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915 )
- 2002 - Barry Took , British comedian and writer (b. 1928 )
- 2003 - H.S.M. Coxeter , English-born geometer and author (b. 1907 )
- 2003 - Tommy Seebach , Danish singer (b. 1949 )
- 2005 - Stanley J. Korsmeyer , American oncologist (b. 1951 )
- 2005 - Frank Perdue , American poultry farmer (b. 1920 )
- 2005 - Terri Schiavo
- 2006 - Jackie McLean , American jazz saxophonist
Holidays and observances
External links
February 28 - February 29 - ( February 30 ) - March 30 - April 1 - April 30 -- Listing Of All Days
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