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He was a keen promoter of reform, and was a leading spirit in the affair of the reform banquet fixed for February 22 1848 . He was a member of the provisional government of 1848, and was named mayor of Paris. On March 5 , 1848 he was made minister of finance, and incurred great unpopularity by the imposition of additional taxes. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly and of the Executive Commission.

Under the Empire he was conspicuous in the republican opposition and opposed the war with Prussia , and after the fall of Napoleon III became a member of the Government of National Defence. Unsuccessful at the elections for the National Assembly ( February 8 , 1871 ), he retired into private life. He wrote ''Histoire de la revolution de 1848'' (1860-1862); ''Histoire de la commission executive'' (1869-1872); and ''L'Opposition et l'empire'' (1872).


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