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World War II was the single deadliest conflict the world has ever seen, causing many tens of millions of deaths. The tables below provide a detailed country-by-country count of death by side. Combined total The total estimated human loss of life caused by World War II, irrespective of political alignment, was roughly 62 million people. The civilian toll was around 37 million, the military toll about 25 million. The Allies lost around 51 million people, and the Axis lost 11 million. (Note that some Axis countries switched sides and reentered the war on the side of the Allies; those nations are included in the Allied count, regardless of when the deaths occurred.) There was a disproportionate loss of life and property; some nations had a higher casualty rate than others, due to a number of factors including military tactics, crimes against humanity, economic preparedness and the level of technology. Casualties by country The casualties of World War II were suffered disproportionately by the various participants. This is especially true regarding civilian casualties. The following chart gives data on the casualties suffered by each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. Notes: Population in 1939-Sources-Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5931651071. and Population Statistics {Link without Title} Military Deaths Losses include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non combat causes. Whenever possible the losses of irregular and paramilitary forces have been included. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and missing in action are included with military losses. The armed forces of the various nations are treated as a single entities, for example American deaths in the RAF are included with the UK; Austrians, Soviets and French in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses. The exception being China because some factions supported the Japanese. Prisoner of war deaths in Nazi captivity totaled 3.1 Million and in Japanese captivity 540,000 Civilian Deaths - Includes civilian losses from military action and war related deaths caused by famine and disease. These figures include civilian deaths due to Nazi terror and the Holocaust totaling 17.8 million and Japanese War Crimes 5.4 million The deaths related the Soviet annexations in 1939-40 are included with civilian dead. Civilian losses in the postwar era ( 1946-47) due to famine and disease are not included with these losses. Jewish Holocaust Deaths-Source- Martin Gilbert , ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988 ISBN 0688123643 Sources-The footnotes and discussion page list the details of the losses and their sources. Casualties by alliance Casualties by branch of service Notes: Germany 1-The number killed in action was 2.3 million; dead of non-combat causes 550,000; missing in action 2.0 million and 459,000 POW deaths, of whom 77,000 where in the custody of the U.S., U.K. and France; POW dead includes 266,000 in the post war period after June 1945 , primarily in Soviet captivity. 2-The number of wounded includes 1,700,000 permanently disabled which was listed in ''Geschichte Des Zweiten Weltkrieges'' A.G. Plotz 1960. USSR 1-Recorded losses were 6,329,600 combat related deaths and 555,500 non combat deaths, this includes Navy losses of 154,771. Estimated total losses including missing, POW and partisan deaths range from 8.6 to 10.6 million 2- Does not include the following dead and missing, Khalkhin Gol (1939) 7,974; Polish campaign(1939) 996; Finland (1939-40) 126,875. 3-The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled. 4-The number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,776,000. Deaths of 2.6 million POW are included in the killed and missing total. British Commonwealth 1-Number served- U.K.& Colonies(5,896,000); India( 2,582,000),Australia(993,000); Canada(1,100,000); South Africa(250,000); New Zealand(295,000). and {Link without Title} 2-Killed and Missing-U.K.& Colonies(383,038); India( 86,838),Australia(40,376); Canada(45,363); South Africa(11,837); New Zealand(11,928)). 3-Wounded-U.K.& Colonies(284,049); India( 64,354),Australia(39,803); Canada(53,174); South Africa(14,363); New Zealand(19,314) 4-Prisoner of war - U.K.& Colonies(180,488); India( 79,481),Australia(26,358); Canada(9,334); South Africa(14,750); New Zealand(8,415) U.S. 1-Battle deaths were 292,131, Army 234,874, Navy 36,950, Marine Corps 19,733, Coast Guard 574, and Army Air Corps (included in Army 49,112) 2-The U.S. Coast Guard was a branch of the U.S. Armed Forces during World War Two. 3-The U.S. Merchant Marine war dead of 9,512 are included with civilian losses {Link without Title} . 4-During World War Two 1.2 million African Americans served in the Armed Forces and 708 were killed in combat. 350,000 American women served in the military during World War Two and 16 were killed in action. Equipment losses Hundreds of thousands of planes and hundreds of ships were destroyed during WWII. Aircraft losses While the reporting of air losses varied from country to country and even between campaigns, it is not reasonable to provide a clean overall listing of aircraft losses during the war. A summary by nation indicates the best known information regarding losses.
Naval losses Footnotes #Note|Albania}}Albania War dead here are from ''Albania : a country study / Federal Research Division, Library of Congress ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw. 2nd ed. 1994'' ISBN 0844407925. However, V. Erlikman estimates total war dead were 55,000, including 20,000 partisans. Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 200. #Note|Australia}}Australia The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Total deaths were 40,463 which included Army(26,516), Air Force(11,105), Navy(2,315), Merchant Navy(440), unidentified by branch of service(1), and civilian deaths(86). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,731) Details can be found at the Australian War Memorial website article, Australian Military Statistics: WWII - A Global Perspective June 2005. The preliminary 1945 data for Australian losses was killed 23,365, missing 6,035, wounded 39,803 and POW 26,358. #Note|Austria}}Austria Military war dead of 261,000 are included with Germany. Civilian war dead included 24,000 killed by military operations.and 10,000 victims of Nazi persecution from 1939 to 1945. The genocide of Roma People was 6,500 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 65,000. #Note|Belgium}}Belgium Military war dead included 8,800 killed, 500 missing, 200 executed, 800 partisans and 1,800 Pows. Civilian losses included deaths due to military operations of 32,200 and 16,900 victims of Nazi repression. Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures. The genocide of Roma People was 500 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 24,387. #Note|Brazil}}Brazil The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510, Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492. Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers. #Note|Bulgaria}}Bulgaria Bulgarian military war dead were as follows, with Axis in Yugoslavia 2,000, anti-fascist partisans 10,000 and with USSR in 1945 campaign 10,000 #Note|Burma}}Burma R. J. Rummel estimate of deaths due forced labor and famine during Japanese occupation. Rummel cites sources that range between 60-100,000 dead. #Note|Canada}}Canada The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Total deaths were 45,365 which included Army(24,530), Air Force(17,394), Navy(2,169), Merchant Navy(1,270), unidentified by branch of service(1), and civilian deaths(2). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,298) and Canadian War Museum . {Link without Title} The preliminary 1945 data for Canadian losses was killed 37,476, missing 1,554, wounded 53,174 and POW 9,334. #Note|China}}China Sino-Japanese war dead estimated by 3,949,000 (including 400,000 POWs); by Nationalists 5,907,000 (including 3,081,000 military conscripts); by Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Deaths due to famine were given as 2,250,000. #Note|Czechoslovikia}}Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Forces with the western allies lost 3,220, forces with USSR 4,570, Slovak Axis forces 7,000 and partisan losses were 10,000.Does not include an additional 30,000 dead in Hungarian Army. Civilian losses include the territories of prewar Czechoslovakia, including Trans-Carpathia which was ceded to the USSR after the war. The genocide of Roma People was 7,500 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 277,000. #Note|Denmark}}Denmark Military war dead include 1,281 Navy/Merchant Marine and 50 Army deaths during the occupation. Civilian deaths include 617 victims of Nazi reprisals and 1,224 killed during military operations. The 3,900 Danish deaths in German military service are included with German losses. Figures are fom Danish Military Historie website {Link without Title} Deaths of Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 77. #Note|Estonia}}Estonia Includes civilian losses due to war and Soviet occupation in 1940-41. Does not include military dead with Soviet(10,000) and German Armed Forces(15,000). The genocide of Roma People was 1,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 1,000. #Note|Ethiopia}}Ethiopia R. J. Rummel estimates 200,000 killed by the Italians during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation of 1936-41, his estimate is " based on Discovery T.V. Cable Channel Program "Timewatch" 1/17/92.However, the official Ethiopian government report claims 760,000 total dead due Italian occupation from 1935-41. ''Italy's War Crimes in Ethiopia''- 1946 (reprinted 2000) ISBN 0-9679479-0-1. #Note|Finland}}Finland Figures include casualties from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union as well as action against German forces in 1944, Winter War (1939-40) losses were 23,000, military deaths from 1941-45 were 67,000 and 1,000 in 1944 with the allies During the Winter War of 1939-40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns and lost 28 men in combat. Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 11. #Note|France}}France Military war dead include 150,000 regular forces(1939-40 92,000; 1940-45 58,000); 20,000 resistance fighters and 40,000 Pows in Germany. French deaths in German Army (30-40,000), mostly men conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine, are not included in these totals. Civilian losses include 120,000 killed due to military action and 230,000 victims of the Nazi reprisals and genocide.V. Erlikman estimates losses of Africans in the French Forces at about 22,000. The genocide of Roma People was 15,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 83,000. #Note|Frin}}French Indochina Deaths due to Vietnamese Famine Of 1945 during Japanese occupation #Note|Germany1}}Germany Population within 1937 borders only, the 7,100,000 million . However, the 500,000 military and 400,000 civilian deaths of ethnic Germans in eastern Europe are included with total German losses, after the war 5 million became refugees in Germany and Austria. #Note|Germany2}}Dr. Rűdiger Overmans of the German Military History Office in Potsdam has provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical analysis of German High Command personnel records. Overmans concluded that these losses were 5.3 Million rather the previous balance 4.6 million. Total German losses did not change, 600,000 were previously listed as civilian losses in eastern Europe(360,000) and paramilitary or police forces fighting with the regular forces(230,000). Overmans lists the following losses- Africa 16,066; Balkans 103,693; North 30,165; West 339,957; Italy 150,660; Eastern front until 12/31/44- 2,742,909; final battles 1945-1,230,045; other( including air war in Germany & at sea ) 245,561; POWs 459,475- Grand Total 5.318 million. Overmans lists losses of 4,450,000 from pre-war Germany, 261,000 from Austria, 530,000 ethnic Germans from eastern Europe, 30,0000 French and 30,000 volunteers from western Europe. Included in the total of 5.3 Million war dead are 2.2 Million men listed as missing. For a critical analysis of the statistical methodology of Overmans see {Link without Title} In addition to these losses the Wehrmacht High Command reported the losses of Soviet citizens serving in the German military separately. A Russian source, G. I. Kirosheev reported these losses as 215,000. In this schedule they are recorded with German military losses. #Note|Germany3}} Civilian war dead include 400,000 killed in air attacks and 600,000 victims of Nazi persecution from 1939 to 1945 including 300,000 political prisoners.Rűdiger Overmans estimates 1,100,000 German civilian dead in eastern Europe as the result of the 1945 military campaign and the Expulsion Of Germans After World War II . Postwar deaths of about 500,000 due to famine are not included in these losses. The genocide of Roma People was 15,000 persons. Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 160,000. #Note|Greece}}Greece The war dead listed here are those reported by Frumkin which included 20,000 military deaths, 60,000 civilians, 80,000 deportees and 140,000 famine deaths. However, V. Erlikman lists losses of 435,000. Military- 20,000 killed, 10,000 POW and 30,000 partisans. Civilian- 10,000 killed due to military action; 155,000 deaths due Nazi reprisals and genocide; and 210,000 famine deaths. Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 71,301. #Note|Hungary}}Hungary Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian war dead from 1941-45. Military losses were 300,000-310,000 including 110-120,000 killed and 200,000 POWs missing in the Soviet Union. Hungarian military losses include 110,000 men who were conscripted in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia and the deaths of 20-25,000 Jews conscripted for Army labor units. Civilian losses of 280,000 included 45,500 killed in the 1944-45 military campaign and in air attacks. The genocide of Roma People was 28,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 200,000.. #Note|India}}India 1939 Population includes present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Total deaths were 87,040 which included Army(79,326), Air Force(897), Navy(501), Merchant Navy(6,114), unidentified by branch of service(9), and civilian deaths(193). These losses include war related deaths war during 1946-47 (8,522)The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,762, wounded 64,354 and POW 79,481. Civilian losses were caused by the Bengal Famine Of 1943 . #Note|Indonesia}}Indonesia Deaths due forced labor and famine during Japanese occupation. John W. Dower cites a UN report listing 4 million famine and forced labor dead. R. J. Rummel cites sources that list 25,000 Dutch civilian internee deaths #Note|Iraq}}Iraq Losses during Anglo-Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941. #Note|Italy}}Italy '' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940-45 '' the official accounting of Italian losses by the ''Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica'' in 1957 detailed Italian military and civilian dead and missing. Total military losses were 291,376. Prior to the September 1943 armistice casualties totaled 204,346( killed 66,686, missing 111,579, died of disease 26,081) after the September 1943 armistice , 87,030( killed 42,916, missing 19,840 died of disease 24,274). Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonials 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia 10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078. Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725( 37,573 post armistice); France 2,060( 1,039 post armistice); Germany 25,430( 24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania & Yugoslavia 49,459( 10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079( 3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341( 1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438( 5,526 post armistice); other & unknown 6,844( 3,695 post armistice). POW losses are included with military losses mentioned above. Civilian losses were 153,147( 123,119 post armistice) including 61,432( 42,613 post armistice) in air attacks. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online at - {Link without Title} (go to Vol 13, No. 15). There were in addition to these losses the deaths of Africans conscripted by Italy which were 15,000 in was 1,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,562. #Note|Japan}}Japan Japanese population includes 1.6 million Japanese in China and Korea. Military dead includes 186,000 in China from 1937-41 and 1,555,000 from 1942-45, plus an additional 300,000 missing POWs in the USSR and China who were never accounted for after the war. Civilian losses include 393,000 dead in US air attacks, 150,000 civilians killed on Okinawa and 10,000 on Siapan. However, the Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 2,325,128 military deaths from 1937-1945 including Chinese and Koreans in the Japanese Army and Navy. War related deaths of Japanese merchant mariners were 27,000. Total Japanese civilian deaths in 1945 on the home islands exceeded the prewar level by 940,000.Post war deaths of persons injured in the atomic attacks is estimated at 110,000. #Note|Korea}}Korea John W. Dower estimates 70,000 conscripted Korean laborers and soldiers dead in Japan including 10-15,000 killed in the atomic attacksKorean losses in the Japanese Army are included with Japan's losses. V. Erlikman estimates these losses at 10,000 of the 100,000 Koreans in Japanese military service. #Note|Latvia}}Latvia Includes civilian losses due to war and Soviet occupation in 1940-41. Does not include military dead with Soviet(10,000) and German Armed Forces(15,000).The genocide of Roma People was 2,500 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 80,000 #Note|Lithuania}}Lithuania Includes civilian losses due to war and Soviet occupation in 1940-41. Does not include military dead with Soviet(15,000) and German Armed Forces(5,000). The genocide of Roma People was 1,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 141,000 #Note|Lux}}Luxembourg Total war dead were 5,000 which included military losses of 3,000 included with German Armed Forces and 200 in Belgian Army. The genocide of Roma People was 200 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 700. #Note|Mala}}Malaysia Forced labor deaths during Japanese occupation. #Note|Malta}}Malta Air attack victims.. #Note|Mexico}}Mexico A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 1 non combat death. #Note|Mong}}Mongolia Military losses with USSR against Japan in 1939 and 1945 campaigns. #Note|Netherlands}}Netherlands Military and merchant marine deaths total 7,900. Civilian losses include 20,400 killed due to military action; 158,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide; 16,000 deaths in the famine of 1945. Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures. Totals do not include 25,000 Dutch civilian deaths in the East Indies included with Indonesia. The genocide of Roma People was 500 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 106,000. #Note|Newfoundland}}Newfoundland Military losses with U.K. and Canadian forces. Source: Canadian War Museum. dead included the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942.[http://www.iosphere.net/~sullivan/caribou.htm . Military losses include those of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy [http://www.cdli.ca/monuments/nf/merchant.htm] #Note|NZ}}New Zealand The military deaths listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Total deaths were 11,029 which included Army(7,595), Air Force(3,787), Navy(539), Merchant Navy(7) and a civilian death(1). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47(269) Details can be found online at the New Zealand Armed Forces Memorial Project {Link without Title} The preliminary 1945 data for New Zealand losses was, killed 10,033, missing 2,167, wounded 19,314 and POW 8,415. #Note|NOR}}Norway Military deaths were 2,000 regular forces and 1,000 resistance fighters. Civilian dead include 3,600 merchant marine. Total does not include 700 deaths with German Armed Forces. The Norwegian Foreign Ministry reported that "10,262 Norwegians had been killed, including 3,670 seamen. The Germans had executed 366 and tortured 39 to death. Among political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433 abroad. About 6,000 Norwegians had served the German war cause, and 709 of them had fallen in battle. {Link without Title} .Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 728. #Note|Phil}}Philippines Military war dead include 7,000 in 1941-42 campaign, 8,000 guerrillas and 42,000(out of 98,000) POWs in Japanese captivity. Civilian losses were victims of Japanese War Crimes including the Manila Massacre . #Note|PacIs}}Pacific Islands Victims of Japanese War Crimes . #Note|Poland}}Poland Tadeusz Piotrowski Professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire has provided a reassessment of Poland’s losses in World War Two. Polish war dead include 5,150,000 related to the German occupation, 350,000 due to the Soviet occupation and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943-44 during the included forces fighting with the western allies and the U.S.S.R. after the defeat in 1939. The Warsaw Uprising of 1944 cost the lives of 200,000 Poles including 150,000 civilians. Military losses were 66,300 in 1939 campaign, 10,000 in Polish Army with western allies, 24,700 with Polish Army in the USSR and 60,000 partisans; 120,000 POWs in Germany and 130,000 Pows captured by the USSR in 1939.The genocide of Roma People was 35,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 3,000,000 #Note|Timor}}Portuguese Timor Officially neutral, occupied by Japan, 1942-45. Allied commandos initiated a guerilla resistance campaign and most deaths resulted from Japanese responses to this. {Link without Title} #Note|Romania}}Romania Military casualties with Axis were 72,291 killed, 242,425 wounded and 283,322 missing(only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity). Losses as USSR allies were 21,035 killed, 90,344 wounded and 58,443 missing An estimated 15,000 POWs died in German captivity out of a total of 50,000.Figures do not include an additional estimated 40,000 to 50,000 dead in Hungarian Army. The genocide of Roma People was 36,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 469,000 including 325,000 in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1940. #Note|Sing}}Singapore Victims of Japanese War Crimes including the Japanese Occupation Of Singapore and the Sook Ching Massacre . #Note|SA}}South Africa The losses listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Total deaths were 11,902 which included Army(8,782), Air Force(2,706), Navy(349), Merchant Navy(0) and civilian deaths(65). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (878)The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,860 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,570. #Note|Spain}}Spain All deaths were from 'volunteer' soldiers in Germany Army. The unit named the Blue Division was withdrawn by Spain from the eastern front in 1943. #Note|USSR}}Soviet Union The official total of military deaths is 8,668,400; including 6,330,000 killed in action/died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causes plus an estimated 500,000 MIA and 1,283,000 POW dead (out of 4,059,000 total POW. However, the estimate by western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million(out of 5.7 million total POWs). was 30,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 1,000,000. #Note|Thai}}Thailand Military deaths in French-Thai War 1940-41, and Burma Campaign 1942-45. #Note|UK}}United Kingdom and Colonies The losses listed here are those reported by the The official U.K. report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a preliminary tally of war losses. This report listed the war deaths of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary (624); Merchant Navy (30,248); Home Guard ( 1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 was 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary (18);Merchant Navy (530); Home Guard ( 0 ) and Civilians (0).These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 Home Guard. The deaths of civilians interned was unknown at that time. The preliminary 1945 data for colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,427, wounded 6,972 and POW 7,896. #Note|US}}United States Source of military war dead is U.S. DOD data Total losses include battle deaths of 292,131 and deaths due to non combat causes of 115,185. The . U.S. Civilian dead were 9,512 merchant mariners, details given at USMM website [http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html ; and 1,704 American civilians interned, by the Japanese(1,563) and in Europe (168), which are the subject of a U.S. Congressional Research Service report.[http://www.house.gov/bordallo/gwcrc/RL30606.pdf#search='civilians%20interned%20by%20japan] #Note|Yugo}}Yugoslavia The US Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954, ''The Population of Yugoslavia'' that concluded that war related deaths were 1,067,000. A recent study by was 40,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 67,122. See also Main articles Other articles References
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