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Like the more common SAMPA , the system uses lower-case letters to represent the directly corresponding IPA character. However, the mapping used to represent other characters often differs. For example:—


Kirshenbaum charts of consonants and vowels

''This chart is based on information provided in the Kirshenbaum specification. [http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Evan_Kirshenbaum/IPA/faq.html It may also be helpful to compare it to the SAMPA Chart or X-SAMPA Chart .''


Consonant chart
























































































































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Kirshenbaum chart of Consonant s

''(the paired signs are voiceless/voiced consonants)''
  Bilabials Labiodentals Dentals Alveolars Retroflexes Palato-alveolars Palatals Velars Uvulars Labiovelars Pharyngeals Glottals Alveolar Laterals
Nasals   m   M    n[   n   n.   n^   N   n"   n<lbv>
Stops p b t[ d[ t d t. d. c J k g q G t<lbv> d<lbv> ?
Fricatives P B f v T D s z s. z. S Z C C<vcd> x Q X g" w<vls> w H H<vcd> h s z
Approximants r<lbd> r[ r r. j j<vel> g" w h
Laterals l[ l l. l^ L
Trills b<trl> r<trl> r"
Flaps
Ejectives p` t[` t` c` k` q`
Implosives b` d` d` J` g` G`
Clicks p! t! c! c! k! l!



Consonant modifiers and diacritics

Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.



















Modifier/diacriticMeaning
! Click
" Uvular
- Syllabic
. Retroflex
; Palatalized
[ Dental
^ Palatal
`Voiced:
~ Velarized
<?> Murmured
<H> Pharyngealized
<h> Aspirated
<j> Palatalized
<o> Unexploded
<r> Rhoticized
<w> Labialized



Vowel chart


























































Kirshenbaum simplified chart of Vowel s
''(the paired signs are unrounded/rounded vowels; symbols in parentheses designate vowels that exist in some Spoken Language s, but do not have IPA signs)''
Front Central Back Rhotic
Close i y i" u" u- u
Near-close I I. (U-) U
Close-mid e Y @<umd> @. o- o R<umd>
Mid @ R
Open-mid E W V" O" V O
Near-open & &" ''(no symbols)''
Open a a. (a" A".) A A.



Vowel modifiers and diacritics

Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.










Modifier/diacriticMeaning
~ Nasalized
: Long
- Unrounded
. Rounded
" Centralized
<?> Murmured
<r> Rhoticized


Stress is indicated by ' for primary stress, and ''',''' for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.


Similar German Name

Kirschenbaum (with a c after the s) is a German last name that means 'cherry tree' in English.


See also



External links