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Today, England is one of the Constituent Countries and Nations of the United Kingdom , alongside Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland ; however it does not have its own separate government apart from the central government of the United Kingdom, so it is in the unique position of having no independent legal personality, despite being the dominant member of the union. In popular usage the name "England" is sometimes applied to the UK as a whole, especially abroad, but this is incorrect. For the various rulers of the kingdoms within England prior to its formal unification, during the Heptarchy , see Bretwalda . It was during this period that the foundations of what became the English state were laid down, including, from the Synod Of Whitby of 664 , a united English Church. In 774 Offa , King of Mercia ( 757 - 796 ), assumed the title ''Rex Anglorum'' ("King of the English"). His personal rule over the other English kingdoms allowed him to treat on equal terms with Charlemagne in Europe, and to impose a unified currency on the whole of England that survived until 1971 . Mercian dominance, however, was finally brought to an end by the Danish invasions of the 9th Century , and out of the resulting chaos the Kingdom of Wessex rose to prominence. WEST SAXONS ''The following list runs from Alfred of Wessex , whose defeat of the Vikings in 878 paved the way for the creation of the Kingdom Of England .''
DANES
WEST SAXONS (RESTORED)
NORMANS ''It was only after the Norman Conquest of 1066 that kings took regnal numbers in the French fashion, though the earlier custom of distinguishing monarchs by nicknames did not die out immediately.''
PLANTAGENETS Angevins
Lancastrians Yorkists
TUDORS ''The Tudors were of partial Welsh ancestry, and in 1535 Wales was fully incorporated into the English state (having been under English control since 1284 ).
STUARTS The Stuarts were also Kings Of Scotland , with which kingdom England was in Personal , but not Legislative , union until 1707 .
INTERREGNUM ''There was no reigning monarch between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 . Despite this, Oliver Cromwell held monarchical powers ( 1653 - 1658 ) as Lord Protector , succeeded by his son, Richard Cromwell ( 1658 - 1659 ).'' STUARTS (RESTORED)
''From 1707 , the titles ''King of England'' and ''Queen of England'' are technically incorrect (though still in wide usage). Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see List Of Monarchs Of Great Britain .'' A NOTE ON TITLES The standard title for all monarchs from Alfred until the time of King John was ''Rex Anglorum''. In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:
In the Norman period ''Rex Anglorum'' remained standard, with occasional use of ''Rex Anglie''. Matilda styled herself ''Domina Anglorum''. From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of ''Rex Anglie'' (or ''Regina Anglie'' if female). In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) ''King of Great Britain'', which has been held, along with other titles, by all his successors to the present day. FOOTNOTES 1Ethelweard was appointed as King of Wessex only, and died after sixteen days. 2Edgar the Atheling was proclaimed king following the death of Harold at Hastings . He submitted to William a few weeks later. 3Matilda, claimed by some to be the rightful heir, was briefly proclaimed Lady of the English during a period of civil war. 4Edward V, one of the Princes In The Tower , was kept a prisoner during his reign of little more than two months. 5Jane ( Lady Jane Grey ) was proclaimed queen on the death of Edward VI ; however, she was deposed after nine days and executed for unlawfully usurping the throne. SEE ALSO
EXTERNAL LINKS DIAGRAM English Kings 784-Ealhmund (770-785), King of Kent I 802-Egbert (770-839), King of Wessex I 839-Ethelwulf (800-871), King of Wessex I 871-Alfred the Great (849-899), first to call self I King of England, until death. I 899-Edward the Elder (874-924), king until death. I 911 – Rollo, Viking, I settles Normandy, France I with treaty with King I Charles III, The Simple. I_________________________________________ I I I I 924- Ethelweard (904-924), king until death. I I _________________________________________I I I I 924-Athelstan (895-939) king until death. I I 928- William I, of Normandy I (? - 942) I I 942- Richard I, of Normandy I (935-96) The Fearless I I Started feudal system I I There I 939-Edmund I (921-946), king until death. I I I 946-Edgar I (942-975), king until death. I I I 975- Edward the Martyr, Eadweard II, (962-978) I I I 978-Ethelred II, the Unready (968-1016), king England I I until death except for interlude. I I 1013 Danish invasion of England, wife I I Emma of Normandy fled to Normandy. I I____________________________________________________ I I I I 1016-Edmund II (988-1016), Ironside, King England I I X until death. I I ____________________I_______I I I I 1016-Canute I (995-1035), Cnut, m. Emma of I I Canute the Great, Normandy I I son of Svend I + Aelgifu I I "Forkbeard.” I Concubine I I Denmark king. Throne ceded I I I I to him on Edward’s death. I I_______ I I I I I I _______________________________I I I I I I I I 1035-Hartha-canute (1018-1042), King England I I I I also of Denmark. Bastard half brother I I I I Harold ruled England as regent until he I I I I took it over in 1037. I I I I_______________________________________ I I I _______________________________________I_______I I I I I I I 1037-Harold I, Harefoot (1012-1040), King I I I England until death. I I I _______________________________________I I I I I I 1040- Hartha-canute (1018-1042), Resumed throne I I until death.No children. I I ____________________________________________________I I I I I I I Richard II, of Normandy I I I Richard III, of Normandy I I I Robert I, the Magnificent I I I I 1042-Edward the Confessor (1004-1066), Last house I X Wessex Anglo-Saxon king. Died without I Heirs. Mother Emma, father Ethelred. I the Unready I ___________________________________________________________I I 1066- William I, The Conqureor (1027-1087), king of. I England after won Battle of Hastings I Bastard child of Robert, The Magnificent. I Died of pommel internal injury I Begins house of Normandy. I_____________________________________________________ I I I I 1087-William II (1056-1100), king until death, I Robert I arrow in chest hunting accident I Adela ________________________________________I I 1100-Henry I, Beauclerc, Lion of Justice (1068-1135), king I until death. Took throne from older brother I Robert II, Curthose, who was on crusade. I 1135-Stephen (1096-1154), King til death.Last Norman King I 1154-Henry II, (1133-1189), King England, Duke of I Normandy, Count of Anjou until death. I First of the Plantagenet or Angevin Kings. I M. France’s Elenor of Aquetaine. I Outs Becket to Louis VII over dispute over I king power over church. Denies role in I murder of Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. I But as penance sent money to Knights I Hospitaller and Templar for crusade. I Had affair with Alys, daughter Louis VII. I___________________________________________________________ I I I I Henry, The Young King (1155-1183) I 2 other I King 1170 but never ruled. I legit boys, I Died of dysentery. I 3 girls I ______________________________________I I I I 1189- Richard I, The Lion Heart (1157-1199), King until I death. Spoke no English. I Died of gangrene from crossbow bolt. I __________________________________________________________I I 1199-John of England, Lackland, Soft Sword (1166-1216), I King until death. Signed I Magna Carta 1215 making king subject to law, I paving way to constitution. I Lost French lands to Philip II, Augustus, I hence ‘Lackland”. I 1216-Henry III of England (1207–1272), King until death. I 1272-Edward I, Longshanks (1237-1307), King until death. I 1307-Edward II (1284-1327), King until deposed. I 1327-Edward III (1312-1377), King until death. Claimed I French throne in 1340 when King Charles IV I of France died. Ed III’s mother, Isabel, was I Charles IV’s sister. Starts 100 Years War. I____________________________________________________ I I I I I 1377-Richard II Edward, 1 other I Edmund of L (1367-1400) Black Prince boy I I King until (1330-76) 8 girls I I Deposed. I I Died without I Richard of C heirs starting I I War of Roses I I for succession I I Friend of Chaucer I Richard Plan. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster I _______________________________________I ___ I I I I 1399- Henry IV, of Bolingbroke, I I I (1367-1413), King until I I I death. First since 1099 to I I I speak English. Imprisoned I I I King Richard who I I I died there. House of I I I Lancaster. I I I __________________________________ I I I I I I I (King Charles VI of France) I I I I I I I I 1413-Henry V + Catherine of Valois 3 boys, I I (1387-1422) + 4 girls I_______I____ King until death. Owen Tudor I I I I________________________ I I I I I I 1422-Henry VI (1421-1471), King until I I I deposed 1461 by cousin Edward I I I of York in War of Roses. Married I I I Margaret of Anjou, Charles VII’s I I I niece. I I I 1450: Aquitaine retaken by French I I I c Joan of Arc. I I I __________________________________________________I___I I I I I I 1461-Edward IV (1442-1483), King until I I I I death. Interrupted when Queen I I I I Margaret enlists Richard, Earl I I I I of Warwick and King Louis XI I I I I to reinstate Henry VI 1470. I I I I__________________________ I I I I I I I I 1483-Edward V (1470-1483) 2 other boys, I I I King until death. 7 girls claimed I I I No children illegit I I I __________________________________________________I___I I I _________________________I_______I I I I I John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset I I I I I John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset I I I I I Margaret Beaufort + Edmund Tudor I I 1483-Richard III (1452-1485), King until death I Last Plantagenet king. I X Son Edward, Prince of Wales died 1484. I __________________________________________________I I 1485-Henry VII (1457-1509), King until death. Starts I Tudor Dynasty. I ________________________________________________ I I I 1509-Henry VIII (1491-1547), King until death. I I I Wives: One died, one lived, I I I two annuled, two beheaded" I I I ____________I I I I I I Margret Tudor I I Gr.grandson is I I James VI of Scotland I I + I I Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany I I I__________________I_____ I _________________________I I I I I I Mary Tutor + King Louis XI I I + Charles Brandon I I I__________ I I____________________________________________ I I I I I I I 1547-Edward VI (1537-1553), King until I I I I death. First Protestant king. I I I I I I I I _______________________I___I___I I I I I I Lady Frances Brandon I I I _______________I I I I I I I I 1553- Jane Grey,(1537-1554) Queen 9 days. I I I executed. I I I ________________________________________I I I I I I 1553- Mary I (1516–58), Mary Tudor, Queen I I until death. ‘Bloody Mary’ I I executed 300 trying to return I I England to Catholicism. Died I I without heirs. I I _______________________________________________I I I I 1558-Elizabeth I (1533-1603), Queen until death. I Died without heirs. Last Tudor I Mother Anne Boleyn beheaded. I __________________________________________________________I I 1603-James I of England/James VI Scotland (1566-1625), I King until death. First House of Stuart. I I________________________________________________________ I I I 1625-Charles I, (1600-1649), 2 boys, Elizabeth Stuart I King until executed. 3 girls I I Cromwell ‘king’ I I 1649-60 I I___________________________________ I I I I I 1649-Charles II (1630-1685) I Mary Stuart I King 1649-d I (1631-1660) I ____________________________I I I I I I 1685-James II/VII (1633-1701), I I I King 1685-89 (Revolution) I I I__________________________________I_________ I I ___________I I I I I I I I I 1689- Mary II +--- William III I James Francis I I III/VIII I (1662-1694) (1650-1702) I I Queen 1689-94 King 1689-92 I Sophia Stuart ______________________________________I I I I 1702-Anne (1665-1714) Queen until succeeded. I by George. 7 children died I X I _____________________________________________________I I 1702- George I of Hanover (1660-1727), king until death. I 1727-George II (1683-1760) I___________________________________________________ I I I Frederick (1707-1751) Anne William I 1760-George III (1738-1820), King Britain 1760 until death. I Had porphyria and was incapacitated. I George IV was regent from 1811. I________________________________________________ I I I I 1820- George IV (1762-1830) I 4 other boys, I Had 1 daughter. I 6 girls I ____________________I I I I 1830- William IV (1765-1837), King until death. I Had no legitimate living children at death . I ___________________I I Prince Edward Augustus ______________________________I I 1837-Victoria (1819-1901), Queen of UK until death. I Reigned over Industrial Revolution. I_________________________________________________ I I I Edward VII (1800-1800) 3 other boys, Alice, I King until death. 4 girls Princess I I George V (1800-1800), Victoria, Princess I King until death I I I George VI (1800-1800), Alice, Princess I King until death. I I I Elizabeth II, (1952- ) I Queen until death. m. Philip, Duke of Edinburg I ___________________I________________ I I I I Charles Anne Andrew Edward I_____________________________ I I William Henry |