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FAMILY DIVISION


Jivaroan consists of 2 languages:

: 1. Jívaro (a.k.a. Jivaro, Hívaro, Hívaro proper, Maina, Shuar, Achuar-Shiwiar, Huambisa)
: 2. Aguaruna (a.k.a. Awaruna, Awahũn)

Some linguists consider Jivaroan to a single language with Aguaruna being the most divergent Dialect .

Jívaro is spoken in Loreto , Peru and the Oriente Region of Ecuador. It has 3 regional Varieties : ''Shuar'' (a.k.a. Shuara), ''Achuar-Shiwiar'' (a.k.a. Achuara, Achual), and ''Huambisa'' (a.k.a. Wambisa). Gordon (2005) lists these varieties as separate languages.

Aguaruna is spoken in Amazonas , Peru.


GENETIC RELATIONS


The Palta language was classified by Čestmír Loukotka as Jivaroan. This language has so little linguistic documentation that classification is not possible. Kaufman (1994) states that there is "little resemblance".

The Unclassified Candoshi language is often included within the Jivaroan family or related to the family as a whole (such as, within Joseph Greenberg 's ''Jibaro-Candoshi'' sub-stock). (However, Candoshi has also been linked with Zaparoan and Arawakan .)

Another proposal (e.g., of Jorge Suárez) groups Jivaroan together with Cahuapanan within a ''Jívaro-Cahuapana'' (or ''Hívaro-Kawapánan'') stock (contrary to Greenberg's classification).

A larger hypothetical grouping is ''Andean'' (or ''Macro-Andean'') which includes Jívaro-Cahuapana, Urarina , and the extinct Puelche . Greenberg's ''Andean'' stock includes even more languages.

Morris Swadesh 's ''Macro-Jíbaro'' is another larger grouping, which includes Jívaro-Cahuapana, Urarina, Puelche, and Huarpe .


EXTERNAL LINKS




BIBLIOGRAPHY


  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.

  • Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'' (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).

  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). ''Language in the Americas''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13-67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-2927-0414-3.

  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.