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The Igbo sometimes (especially formerly) referred to as '''Ibo''' are one of the largest single Ethnicities in Africa . Most Igbo speakers are based in southeast Nigeria , where they constitute about 17% of the population; they can also be found in significant numbers in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea . Their language is also called '' Igbo ''. The primary Igbo states in Nigeria are Anambra , Abia , Imo , Ebonyi , and Enugu State s. The Igbos also constitute more than 25% of the population in some Nigerian States like Delta State and Rivers State . Traces of the Igbo Culture and language could be found in Cross River , Akwa Ibom and Bayelsa State s. Igbo language is predominant in such cities like Onitsha , Aba , Owerri , Enugu , Nnewi , Nsukka , Awka , Umuahia , and Asaba , amongst others. PRE-COLONIAL LIFE Pre-colonial Igbo political organization was based on semiautonomous communities, devoid of kings or governing chiefs. With the exception of towns such as Onitsha , which had kings called Obis, and places like Nri and Arochukwu , which had priest kings known as Ezes, most Igbo village governments were ruled solely by an assembly of the common people. Although titleholders were respected because of their accomplishments, they were never revered as kings, but often performed special functions given to them by such these assemblies. This way of governing was immensly different from most other communities of Western Africa, and only shared by the Ewe of Ghana . Igbo secret societes also had a ceremonial script called Nsibidi. Igbos had a calendar in which a week has four days. A month has seven weeks and thirteen months a year. The last month had an extra day. They also had mathematics called Okwe and Mkpisi and a saving and loans bank system called Isusu. They settled law matters by oath-taking to a god. If that person died in a certain amount of time he was guilty. If not he was free to go but if guilty that person could face exile or servitude to a deity. POST-COLONIZATION The arrival of the British in the 1870s and increased encounters between the Igbo and other Nigerians led to a deepening sense of a distinct Igbo ethnic identity. The Igbo also proved remarkably decisive and enthusiastic in their embrace of Christianity and Western education. Under British colonial rule, the diversity within each of Nigeria's major ethnic groups slowly decreased and distinctions between the Igbo and other large ethnic groups, such as the Hausa and the Yoruba became sharper. The novel '' Things Fall Apart '' by Igbo author Chinua Achebe , a tribal member, is a fictional account of the clash between the new influences of the British and the traditional life of the Igbo. Igbo Women's War of 1929 See Also: Igbo Women's War of 1929 In November of 1929, thousands of Igbo women from the Bende District and nearby Umuahia and Ngwa as well as other places traveled to the Oloko to protest against the Warrant Chiefs who were restricting the role of women in the government. Instability and Biafra Seccession In 1966 , a failed '' Coup D'etat '' by Nigerian army officers led by an Igbo—Major Kaduna Nzeogwu—resulted in the death of Sir Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto, a prominent northern Nigerian of the Hausa ethnic group. Although the coup was foiled primarily by another Igbo, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi , the belief prevailed in northern Nigeria that Hausa leaders were singled out for death. This situation gave rise to a retaliatory pogrom in which tens of thousands of Igbo were murdered in northern Nigeria, which led to the headlong flight back to the Eastern Region of as many as two million Igbos. Eventually, the crisis reached an apex in May 1967 with the secession of the Igbo-dominated Eastern Region from Nigeria to form the Republic of Biafra headed by the aforementioned Colonel Ojukwu . The secession quickly led to civil war after talks between former Army colleagues, Yakubu Gowon and Ojukwu broke down. The Republic of Biafra lasted only until January 1970 after a campaign of starvation by the Nigerian Army led to a decisive victory. THE IGBO TODAY After the Nigerian Civil War, Igboland had been severely devastated. Many hospitals, schools, and homes had been completely destroyed in the brutal war. The Federal government of Nigeria denied the Igbo people access to all the hard currencies such as pound sterling they had saved in Nigeria banks before the civil war, and only allowed them a miniscule compensation of £20 per adult. For example, a man who had over £450,000.00 savings could only receive £20.00 following this policy. This policy was designed and implemented by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, who was Nigeria Finance Minister at the time. Many rich Igbo people committed suicide after they heard of this compensations scheme. In addition to the loss of their savings, many Igbo people found themselves discriminated against by other ethnic groups and the new non-Igbo federal government. Due to the discrimination of employers, many Igbos had trouble finding employment, and the Igbos became one of the poorest tribal groups in Nigeria during the early 1970s . As an even greater insult, in Port Harcourt , their control was handed over to their Ijaw neighbours and the Ikwerre (an Igbo subgroup who have separated and claimed no Igbo origin). Igboland was gradually rebuilt over a period of twenty years and the economy was again prospering due to the rise of the Niger Delta petroleum industry, which led to new factories being set up in southern Nigeria. This recovery, from the depths of the Biafran War, is an example of the uncanny resilience and resourcefulness of the Igbo. Many Igbos eventually regained government positions. The Igbo, however, also face many problems and challenges today. Even today, Igbo people have sometimes continued to face discrimination from other ethnic groups. Igboland towns, such as Enugu , Onitsha and Owerri , lack sufficient resources and good infrastructure for their inhabitants. Also, because the traditional Igbo homeland was becoming too small for its growing population, many Igbo have emigrated out of Igboland. THE IGBO DIASPORA After the Nigerian Civil War , many Igbo emigrated out of the traditional Igbo homeland in southeastern Nigeria due to a growing population, decreasing land, and poor infrastructure. Not only have the Igbo people moved to such Nigerian cities as Lagos , Benin City , and Abuja , but have also moved to other countries such as Togo , Ghana , Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Prominent Igbo communities outside Africa include those of London , UK, Houston , USA, and Washington D.C NOTABLE PEOPLE A number of well-known intellectuals, historic figures, and athletes have been of Igbo descent:
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