is a
Chemical Compound with
Formula
N 2 H 4 used as a
Rocket Fuel .
Hydrazine is a liquid with weak
Basic properties similar to
Ammonia . Due to the
Alpha Effect the
Nucleophilicity is much stronger than that of ammonia, which makes it more reactive. It can be made by oxidizing ammonia with
Sodium Hypochlorite (the
Raschig Process ). It is a
Monopropellant Rocket fuel. It is also
Pyrophoric , i.e. it can ignite spontaneously.
Breathing hydrazines may cause coughing and irritation of the throat and lungs, tremors, or
Seizure s. Breathing hydrazines for long periods may cause
Liver and
Kidney damage, as well as serious effects on reproductive organs.
Eating or drinking small amounts of hydrazines may cause
Nausea , vomiting, uncontrolled shaking,
Inflammation of the
Nerve s, drowsiness, or
Coma . Hydrazine is found in
Chewing Tobacco and
Cigarette s.
Tumor s have been seen in many organs of animals that were exposed to hydrazines by ingestion or breathing, but most tumors have been found in the
Lung s, blood vessels, or colon. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine has caused
Colon Cancer in laboratory animals following a single exposure.
The
Department Of Health And Human Services (DHHS) has determined that hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine are known
Carcinogen s. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that hydrazine, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine are possible human carcinogens. The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that hydrazine, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine are probable human carcinogens.
The
American Conference Of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) currently lists hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine as suspected carcinogens, but has recently recommended that the listing of hydrazine be changed to that of animal carcinogen, not likely to cause cancer to people under normal exposure conditions.
The
False Morel contains the chemical
Gyromitrin , which is metabolized into monomethyl hydrazine inside the body. Consequently, the toxic effects of this mushroom are the same as with hydrazine poisoning.
Hydrazine is used primarily as a chemical intermediate to produce agricultural chemicals,
Spandex fibers, and
Antioxidant s. Hydrazine is also used as
Rocket Fuel (starting in
World War II for the
Messerschmitt Me 163 ), an oxygen
Scavenger (
Corrosion Inhibitor ) in water boilers and heating systems, a
Polymerization Catalyst , a
Blowing Agent , and as a scavenger for gases. Additionally, it is used for plating metals on glass and plastics and in
Fuel Cell s,
Solder Fluxes , and
Photographic Developer s. Hydrazine is used as a reactant in fuel cells in the military, as a reducing agent in
Electrodeless Nickel plating, as a
Chain Extender in
Urethane polymerizations, as a reducing agent in
Plutonium extraction from
Nuclear Reactor Waste , and as a
Water Treatment chemical. Hydrazine is also used as a chemical intermediate for blowing agents, photography chemicals,
Pharmaceutical s,
Antituberculant s, textile
Dye s, heat stabilizers,
Explosives , and to make
Hydrazine Sulfate . In addition, a semiconductor deposition technique involving the use of hydrazine has recently been demonstrated, with possible application to the manufacture of
Thin-film Transistor s used in
Liquid Crystal Display s. Hydrazine in a 70% solution is used to power the EPU (
Emergency Power Unit ) on the
F-16 fighter plane. Hydrazine is also used as low-power
Propellant for
Space Shuttle maneuvers in orbit in its
Reaction Control System and
Orbital Maneuvering System , using hypergolic 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with
Nitrogen Tetroxide oxidizer.
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Hydrazine prefers a
Gauche Conformation . The
Rotational Barrier is twice that of
Ethane .
Hydrazine is produced in the
Raschig Process from
Sodium Hypochlorite and
Ammonia , a process developed in 1907 . In the
Atofina-PCUK Cycle hydrazine is produced in several steps.
Acetone and ammonia first react to the
Imine followed by oxidation with
Hydrogen Peroxide to the
Oxiziridine (three-membered ring containing oxygen and nitrogen) followed by conversion to the
Hydrazone . This hydrazone reacts with one more equivalent of acetone and after hydrolysis the product hydrazine is liberated together with recreated acetone. Unlike the Raschig process, this process does not produce waste material.
Hydrazine derivatives and '''1,2-dimethylhydrazine''', in which two of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with
Methyl Group s, are also described as '''hydrazines'''. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (also known as
UDMH ) is used to make
Hypergolic (self-igniting)
Bipropellant Rocket fuels.
The first discovered hydrazine is C
6H
5NHNH
2 by
Emil Fischer in
1875 by
Reduction of a phenyl
Diazonium salt by
Sulfite salts . He used this compound to isolate
Sugar s as the second
Amine group in phenylhydrazine is able to form an imine with the sugar
Aldehyde . Fischer prepared many other hydrazines before another chemist
Theodor Curtius was able to synthesize free hydrazine for the first time in
1889 .
Several naturally occurring hydrazines exist such as
Gyromitrin and agaritine, a phenylhydrazine found in the commercially producted mushroom species
Agaricus Bisporus .
Iproniazid and
Hydralazine are hydrazine
Medication s.
Hydrazines are part of many organic reactions:
- The Late Show with Rob! Tonight’s Special Guest: Hydrazine PDF Robert Matunas
