| Higher Education Act 2004 |
Article Index for Higher Education |
Website Links For Higher Education |
Information AboutHigher Education Act 2004 |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT HIGHER EDUCATION ACT 2004 | |
| united kingdom acts of parliament 2004 | |
| education in the united kingdom | |
| educational administration | |
| SHOPPER'S DELIGHT | |
|
After complex and controversial debates, the Higher Education Bill received Royal Assent on July 1 , 2004 BACKGROUND AND POLITICAL IMPORTANCE Until 1998 , all education in the United Kingdom was free up to and including university courses. However, shortly after coming to power, The Labour Party under Prime Minister Tony Blair abolished the student Maintenance Grant system and introduced an up-front fee fixed at just over £1000 per year for all university Student s. Up to a quarter of this fee was waived for the poorest students, but many maintained that education should remain a free public service, and that the system would place students in unnecessary levels of debt. The Government , however, insisted that fees were the best means of providing much-needed funding to the universities. At the same time, they stated their aim to increase the proportion of students going on to Higher Education to 50% by 2010 . In the years that followed, it became clear that the original fixed fees of around £1000 per year were still not providing enough funding, leading to proposals of what are often referred to as ''top-up fees''. The idea was that universities would be able to "top up" the fees to a level that more accurately reflected the funding they needed. However, widespread protests led the Labour Party to make a Manifesto pledge at the 2001 General Election not to introduce such a system. In 2003 , a new set of proposals was drafted which were denounced by some as breaking that promise. Although the government tried to create a compromise that would raise the necessary funds in a fair way, the issue remained highly contentious. Despite vocal opposition within his own party, Tony Blair claimed that this proposal was the only way to secure the necessary funds, and the issue was seen as a key test of his leadership. The initial vote in the House Of Commons , on January 27 , 2004 , came a day before the result of the Hutton Inquiry , and it was predicted that a bad result from one or both would lead to Blair's resignation as Prime Minister. The Bill was passed at the first vote, known as ''second reading'', by 316 votes to 311, with 71 Labour MPs voting against. The Bill faces further opposition as it progresses through Parliament. There was some controversy regarding the appointment of mainly loyalist MPs to the Standing Committee assigned to review the Bill. Of the 16 Labour MPs on the committee, only 1 voted against the government at second reading, and 1 abstained, suggesting that little criticism was likely during this stage. It then returns to the floor of the Commons for the Report stage. The main opposition to the bill from Labour Backbencher s is the "variable" or "top-up" fees. Therefore, an amendment tabled at Report stage to remove references to these variable fees has some chance of succeeding. In addition, some backbenchers were promised further concessions and changes to the Bill, and therefore voted in favour at the second reading. If these promises are felt to have been broken, these members may well vote against the Bill at ''third reading''. Additionally, if the Bill is successfully passed at third reading, it would move to the House of Lords, where the Government does not have a majority, and where for this particular Bill, the Salisbury Convention - according to which legislation included in the manifesto of the ruling party should not be opposed - would not apply. This is because the policy was not included in the Labour party manifesto in 2001 - and some would argue it goes ''against'' the line reading "We will not introduce top-up fees and have legislated to prevent them". Therefore, it is quite possible that the Lords would have rejected the bill outright, which would mean the government would have to table the Bill again in the next session of Parliament, and possibly have to use the Parliament Act in order to force it through Parliament, so it can gain Royal Assent . Alternatively, the Lords could pass a "wrecking amendment" which would need to be reversed by the House of Commons. DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED CHANGES TO FUNDING The Act incorporates several key changes to the financial arrangements of higher education students, including many additional terms that were added to convince those who opposed earlier drafts. The changes will take effect in 2006 , and apply to England and Wales .
ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF THE PROPOSALS The principle argument in favour of a new funding system is that British universities are currently critically underfunded, and an increased level of fees will result in a Cash Injection and prevent them collapsing. Additionally, much is made of the need for British institutions to be internationally "competitive" in terms of quality and resources, and that this is impossible to achieve without a reform of their funding. A key player on this side of the argument is the Russell Group Of Universities , who have argued that they should be able to charge much increased fees in order to differentiate themselves from smaller universities. This attitude has proved unpopular, as a Two-tier system of this kind is widely seen as unnecessary and damaging. The levels called far by this group far exceed the maximum rate currently proposed. Further to this argument, it is argued that since studies show that most graduates earn more during their career than non-graduates, it is logical that they should be the ones to pay for this opportunity, not the public at large. Critics, however, have suggested that if this is the case, they will pay more Income Tax anyway, and that this would be a fairer source of the money. Some have also pointed out that the country as a whole benefits from an increased level of expertise, and therefore it is in everyone's interests to pay for higher education. ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE PROPOSALS The most common criticism of the proposals is that increasing tuition fees will increase the level of debt graduates will have when they leave. Organisations such as the National Union Of Students have argued that students are already under too much financial pressure, and that this will make things worse, not better. Many students have had to take up Part-time Work in order to pay living costs while studying, and this has been shown to have an adverse effect on their results. Although the Bill removes the need to pay fees up front - meaning that students may have more spending money while studying - it will still leave them with a greater debt at the start of their careers. In contrast to the government's aim of "widening participation", it is predicted that people from poorer backgrounds may be put off from enrolling for a degree. This view is reinforced by a general lack of understanding of the details of the proposals, so that prospective students may believe the fees to be more of a problem than they are. A second line of criticism is that the introduction of ''variable'' fees represents a step towards the Privatisation of education, and makes degrees into products quite unnecessarily. Although not the intention of the legislation, there is likely to be a perceived trade-off between price and quality when choosing a degree. The strict limits imposed on fee levels limit this in practice, but the concept of competition remains. OTHER PROVISIONS IN THE BILL The Higher Education Bill also includes several less well-known provisions:
EXTERNAL LINKS
|