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LANGUAGES AND REGIONAL VARIATION


Emberá is usually considered a sub-grouping of the Choco languages. Often two languages are identified:

# Northern Emberá
# Southern Emberá

Each of these languages has a few regional Varieties . These varieties are often considered Dialect s, but sometimes may be identified as Language s.

The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America has the following division:

:A. Northern Emberá Language (a.k.a. Northern Antioquia, Emberá norteño)
:# SerranÌa del Darién
:# Dabeiba
:# Ngverá (a.k.a. San Jorge)
:# Tukurá (a.k.a. Rio Verde)
:# Sambú (a.k.a. Darién, Andágueda)
:B. Southern Emberá Language (a.k.a. Southern Antioquia, Emberá sureño)
:# Baudó
:# Chamí (a.k.a. Caramanta-Sitará)
:# Saija
:# Tadó
:# Runa
:# Catío

Gordon (2005):

:A. Northern
:# Catío
:#Northern Emberá (proper)
:B. Southern
:# Baudó
:# Chamí
:# Epena
:# Tadó

Gunn (1980:14-15):

:A. Northern
:# Catío
:# Chimila
:# Tucura
:# Emberá
:B. Southern
:# Saixa-Baudo
:# Citara
:# Tado
:# Chamí


SEE ALSO




EXTERNAL LINKS




BIBLIOGRAPHY


  • ''The archive of the indigenous languages of Latin America''. (Web page: www.ailla.utexas.org/site/sa_lg_tbl.html , accessed 2005, Dec. 27).

  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.

  • Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'' (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).

  • Gunn, Robert D. (Ed.). (1980). ''Claificación de los idiomas indígenas de Panamá, con un vocabulario comparativo de los mismos''. Lenguas de Panamá (No. 7). Panama: Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.

  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.

  • Loewen, Jacob. (1963). Choco I & Choco II. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''29''.

  • Licht, Daniel Aguirre. (1999). ''Embera''. Languages of the world/materials 208. LINCOM.

  • Mortensen, Charles A. (1999). ''A reference grammar of the Northern Embera languages''. Studies in the languages of Colombia (No.7); SIL publications in linguistics (No. 134). SIL.