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FAMILY DIVISION


The languages are listed below along with dialects and subdialects. This classification follows Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999).

1. Eastern Abenaki (a.k.a. Abenaki or Abenaki-Penobscot)
  • Penobscot ''(a.k.a. Old Town or Old Town Penobscot)''

  • Caniba

  • Aroosagunticook

  • Pigwacket

    • 2. Western Abenaki (a.k.a. Abnaki, St. Francis, Abenaki, or Abenaki-Penobscot)

3. Etchemin (uncertain - See Note 1)

4. Lenape (a.k.a. Delaware)
  • Munsee

  • Northern Unami

  • Southern Unami

    • 5. Loup A (probably Nipmuck or Pocumtuck ??) (uncertain - See Note 1)

6. Loup B (uncertain - See Note 1)

7. Mahican (a.k.a. Mohican)
  • Stockbridge

  • Moravian

    • 18. Maliseet (a.k.a. Maliseet-Passamquoddy or Malecite-Passamquoddy)


  • North Shore

  • Natick

  • Wampanoag

  • Nauset

  • Cowesit

    • 10. Mi’kmaq (a.k.a. Micmac, Mi’kmag, or Mi’kmaw)

11. Mohegan-Pequot

  • Nanticoke

  • Choptank

  • Piscataway ''(a.k.a. Conoy)''

    • 13. Narragansett ''(a.k.a. Cowesit)''

14. Pamlico (a.k.a. Carolina Algonquian, Pamtico, Pampticough, Christianna Algonquian)

15. Powhatan (a.k.a. Virginia Algonquian)

16. Quiripi-Naugatuck-Unquachog



Notes


Etchemin and Loup were ethnographic terms used inconsistently by French colonists and missionaries. There is some debate whether distinct groups could ever have been identified with those names.

'''Etchemin''' is only known from a list of numbers from people living on the coast of Maine between the St. John and Kennebec Rivers recorded in 1609 by Marc Lescarbot . The name '''Etchemin''' has also been applied to other material from what many scholars of Algonquian ethnography and linguistics believe to be Maliseet , Passamaquoddy , or Eastern Abenaki.

Some of the attested Loup vocabulary can be identified with different eastern Algonquian communities, including the Mahican , Maliseet , Passamaquoddy and other groups. '''Loup A''' and '''Loup B''' refer to two vocabulary lists which cannot be conclusively identified with another known community. '''Loup A''' may well be the Nipmuck language of central Massachusetts or possibly the neighboring Pocumtuck . It is somewhat similar to Agawam . '''Loup B''' seems like a composite of different dialects. It is closest to Mahican and Western Abenaki. They also may represent unknown tribes or bands, or may have been interethnic trade pidgins of some kind. Documentary evidence for Loup B is very thin (14 pages); the documentary evidence for Loup A is much more extensive (124 pages), being documented in a manuscript dictionary from the French missionary period. See Uncertain/Extinct Algonquian Languages .




SEE ALSO




EXTERNAL LINKS




BIBILOGRAPHY


  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.

  • Goddard, Ives. 1994. The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology. In William Cowan, ed., Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference 187-211. Ottawa: Carleton University.

  • Grimes, Barbara F. (Ed.). (2000). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'', (14th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671106-9. Online edition: http://www.ethnologue.com/, accessed on Mar. 3, 2005.

  • Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.