The title of all Emperors listed preceding Heraclius was officially Augustus , although various other titles such as Dominus were used as well. For official purposes, their names were preceded by Imperator Caesar Flavius and followed by Augustus. Following Heraclius, the title became the Greek Basileus (Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant " Sovereign " but now was used in place of Augustus. Other Emperors were titled by the neologism Rigas (Gr. Ρήγας, from the Lat. "Rex"). Autokrator (Gr. Αυτοκράτωρ) was also frequently used, along with a plethora of more hyperbolic titles—with grandiloquence typically in inverse proportion to actual power—including Kosmokrator (Gr.Κοσμοκράτωρ) ("Master of the Universe") and Chronokrator (Gr.Χρονοκράτωρ) ("Lord of All Time"). The emperors of the 15th century alone were often self-styled as Basileus ton Hellinon, "Emperor of the Greeks," though they still considered themselves "Roman" Emperors.
See also '' The Term "Byzantine" '' with regard to the late Roman Empire . This list begins with Constantine I the Great, the first Christian emperor reigning from Constantinople , although Diocletian before him had ruled from Nicaea and replaced the pseudorepublican trappings of the office with a straightforward autocracy and Heraclius I after him replaced Latin with Greek and began the restructuring of the Empire into Themata .
- St. Constantine I the Great (Constantinus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae Proconsul) ( 272 - 337 , ruled 306 - 337 ) – son of Constantius I Chlorus; left the empire redivided among his heirs; canonized by the Orthodox church
- Constantius II (Iulius Constantius) ( 317 - 361 , ruled 337 - 361 ) – son of Constantine I
- Julian the Apostate (Claudius Iulianus) ( 331 - 363 , ruled 361 - 363 ) – Pagan son-in-law of Constantine I, brother-in-law and first cousin of Constantius II, grandson of Constantius I
- Valentinian I (Valentinianus) ( 321 - 375 , ruled 364 ) – Soldier, redivided the empire, taking the West
- Valens (Iulius Valens) ( 328 - 378 , ruled 364 - 378 ) – brother of Valentinian I
- Gratianus ( 359 - 383 , ruled 378 - 379 ) – son of Valentinian I
- Theodosius I the Great ( 346 - 395 , ruled 379 - 395 ) – soldier; married to Valentinian I's daughter Galla, fought with Magnus Maximus at the Battle Of The Save in 388
- Arcadius ( 377 - 408 , ruled 395 - 408 ) – son of Theodosius I, brother of Honorius
- Theodosius II the Younger ( 401 - 450 , ruled 408 - 450 ) – son of Arcadius
- Ste. Pulcheria ( 399 – 453 , ruled 408 - 441 , 450 ) – sister of Theodosius II; canonized
- St. Marcian (Marcianus) ( 392 - 457 , ruled 450 - 457 ) – soldier; married Pulcheria after Theodosius's death; canonized by the Orthodox church
- Heraclius (Ηράκλειος) ( 575 - 641 , ruled 610 - 641 ) – usurper; son of the Armenian Exarch of Africa
- Constantine III Heraclius (Κωνσταντίνος Γ' Ηράκλειος) ( 612 - 641 , ruled 641 ) – son of Heraclius; coemperor with Heracleonas
- Heracleonas (Heraclius II) Constantine (Ηρακλεωνάς) ( 626 - 641 ?, ruled 641 ) – son of Heraclius; mutilated and deposed
- Constans II Heraclius (Κώνστας Β' Ηράκλειος) ( 630 - 668 , ruled 641 - 668 ) – son of Constantine III; assassinated by chamberlain
- Constantine IV the Bearded (Κωνσταντίνος Δ' ο Πωγώνατος ) ( 649 - 685 , ruled 668 - 685 ) – son of Constans II
- Justinian II the Slit-nosed (Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος) ( 668 - 711 , ruled 685 - 695 ) – son of Constantine IV; mutilated, deposed, and exiled
- Leontius (Λεόντιος) (ruled 695 - 698 ) – Strategos (general); mutilated, deposed, and imprisoned - later executed
- Tiberius III (Τιβέριος Γ' ο Αψίμαρος) (ruled 698 - 705 ) – German orig. named Apsimar; deposed and executed
- Justinian II the Slit-nosed (Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος) (ruled 705 - 711 ) – restored; deposed and executed
- Philippicus Bardanes (Φιλιππικός Βαρδάνης) (ruled 711 - 713 ) – Armenian soldier; deposed and mutilated
- Anastasius II (Αναστάσιος Β') ( ? - 721 , ruled 713 - 715 ) – orig. Artemios; secretary of Philippicus; deposed & entered monastery, later revolted & was executed
- Theodosius III (Θεοδόσιος Γ' ο Αδραμμυττηνός) (ruled 715 - 717 ) – tax-collector; abdicated and entered monastery
- Leo III the Isaurian (Λέων Γ' ο Ίσαυρος) ( 675 - 741 , ruled 717 - 741 ) – Strategos
- Constantine V Copronymus (the Dung-named) (Κωνσταντίνος Ε' ο Κοπρώνυμος ή Καβαλίνος) ( 718 - 745 , ruled 741 ) – son of Leo III; deposed
- Artabasdus the Icon-lover (Αρτάβασδος ο Εικονόφιλος) (ruled 741 - 743 ) – Leo III's chamberlain and son-in-law
- Constantine V Copronymus (the Dung-named) (Κωνσταντίνος Ε' ο Κοπρώνυμος ή Καβαλίνος) (ruled 743 - 775 ) – restored
- Leo IV the Khazar (Λέων Δ' o Χαζάρος) ( 750 - 780 , ruled 775 - 780 ) – son of Constantine V
- Constantine VI the Blinded (Κωνσταντίνος ΣΤ') ( 771 - 797 , ruled 780 - 797 ) – son of Leo IV; deposed and mutilated by mother
- Ste. Irene the Athenian (Ειρήνη η Αθηναία) ( 755 - 803 , ruled 797 - 802 ) – wife of Leo IV, mother of Constantine VI; canonized by the Orthodox church; deposed and exiled to Lesbos
- Leo V the Armenian (Λέων Ε' ο Αρμένιος) ( 775 - 820 , ruled 813 - 820 ) – Strategos; assassinated
- Michael II the Stammerer or the Amorian (Μιχαήλ Β' ο Τραυλός η Ψηλλος) ( 770 - 829 , ruled 820 - 829 ) – Strategos, son-in-law of Constantine VI
- Theophilus (Θεόφιλος) ( 813 - 842 , ruled 829 - 842 ) – son of Michael II
- Theodora (Θεοδώρα) (ruled 842 - 855 ) – wife of Theophilus; empress and regent for Michael III; canonized by the Orthodox church; deposed and entered monastery
- Michael III the Drunkard (Μιχαήλ Γ' ο Μέθυσος) ( 840 - 867 , ruled 842 - 867 ) – son of Theophilus; assassinated
- Basil I the Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α') ( 811 - 886 , ruled 867 - 886 ) - married Michael III's widow; died in hunting accident
- Leo VI The Wise (Λέων ΣΤ' ο Σοφός) ( 866 - 912 , ruled 886 - 912 ) – likely either son of Basil I or Michael III;
- Alexander III (Αλέξανδρος Γ' του Βυζαντίου) ( 870 - 913 , ruled 912 - 913 ) – son of Basil I, regent for nephew
- Constantine VII the Purple-born (Κωνσταντίνος Ζ' ο Πορφυρογέννητος) ( 905 - 959 , ruled 913 - 959 ) – son of Leo VI
- Romanus I Lecapenus (Ρωμανός Α' ο Λεκαπηνός) ( 870 - 948 , ruled 919 - 944 ) – father-in-law of Constantine VII; coemperor, deposed by his sons and entered monastery
- Romanus II the Purple-born (Ρωμανός Β' ο Πορφυρογέννητος) ( 939 - 963 , ruled 959 - 963 ) – son of Constantine VII
- Nicephorus II Phocas (Νικηφόρος Β' Φωκάς ή Νικηφόρος Β' ο Φωκάς) ( 912 - 969 , ruled 963 - 969 ) – Strategos; married Romanus II's widow, regent for Basil; assassinated
- John I Tzimisces (Ιωάννης Α' Κουρκούας ο Τσιμισκής) ( 925 - 976 , ruled 969 - 976 ) – brother-in-law of Romanus II, lover of Nicephorus's wife but banned from marriage, regent for Basil
- Basil II the Bulgar-slayer (Βασίλειος Β' ο Βουλγαροκτόνος) ( 958 - 1025 , ruled 976 - 1025 ) – son of Romanus II
- Constantine VIII (Κωνσταντίνος Η')( 960 - 1028 , ruled 1025 - 1028 ) – son of Romanus II; silent coemperor with Basil II
- Zoe I (Ζωή Α') ((c. 978 - 1050 , ruled 1028 - 1050 ) – daughter of Constantine VIII
- Romanus III Argyrus (Ρωμανός Γ' ο Αργυρός) ( 968 - 1034 , ruled 1028 - 1034 ) – eparch of Constantinople; Zoe's first husband, arranged by Constantine VIII; murdered
- Michael IV the Paphlagonian (Μιχαήλ Δ' ο Παφλαγών) ( 1010 - 1041 , ruled 1034 - 1041 ) – Zoe's second husband
- Michael V the Caulker (Μιχαήλ Ε' ο Καλαφάτης) ( 1015 - 1042 , ruled 1041 - 1042 ) – Michael IV's nephew, Zoe's adopted son
- Theodora (Θεοδώρα) ( 980 - 1056 , ruled 1042 ) – daughter of Constantine VIII, coempress with Zoe
- Constantine IX Monomachus (Κωνσταντίνος Θ' ο Μονομάχος) ( 1000 - 1055 , ruled 1042 - 1055 ) – Zoe's third husband
- Theodora (Θεοδώρα) (ruled 1055 - 1056 ) – restored
- Michael VI the Bellicose (Μιχαήλ ΣΤ' ο Στρατιωτικός) (ruled 1056 - 1057 ) – chosen by Theodora; deposed & entered monastery
- Constantine X Ducas (Κωνσταντίνος Ι' ο Δούκας) ( 1006 - 1067 , ruled 1059 - 1067 ) – selected by Michael Psellus the Younger
- Michael VII Ducas Quarter-short (Μιχαήλ Ζ' Δούκας Παραπινάκης) ( 1050 - 1090 , ruled 1067 - 1078 ) – son of Constantine X, originally coemperor with two brothers and Romanus; deposed & entered monastery
- Romanus IV Diogenes (Ρωμανός Δ' Διογένης) ( 1032 - 1072 , ruled 1068 - 1071 ) – married Constantine X's widow; coemperor, deposed & mutilated to death
- Nicephorus III Botaniates (Νικηφόρος Γ' Βοτανειάτης) ( 1001 - 1081 , ruled 1078 - 1081 ) – Strategos claiming descent from the Fabii , bigamously married Michael VII's wife; deposed & forced into monastery
- Michael VIII Palaeologus (Μιχαήλ Η' Παλαιολόγος) ( 1224 - 1282 , ruled 1259 - 1282 ) – Strategos, regent for John IV Lascaris ; great-grandson of Alexius III Angelus
- Andronicus II Palaeologus the Elder (Ανδρόνικος Β' ο Γέρος) ( 1258 - 1332 , ruled 1282 - 1328 ) – son of Michael VIII; abdicated
- Andronicus III Palaeologus the Younger (Ανδρόνικος Γ' Παλαιολόγος ο Νέος) ( 1297 - 1341 , ruled 1328 - 1341 ) – grandson of Andronicus II
- John V Palaeologus (Ιωάννης Ε' Παλαιολόγος) ( 1332 - 1391 , ruled 1341 - 1347 ) – son of Andronicus III, deposed by John VI
- John VI Cantacuzenus (Ιωάννης Στ' Καντακουζηνός) ( 1295 - 1383 , ruled outright 1347 - 1354 ) – father-in-law of John V; deposed, and entered monastery as Ioasaph Christodoulus
- John V Palaeologus (ruled 1354 - 1376 ) – restored, deposed by Andronicus IV
- Andronicus IV Palaeologus (Ανδρόνικος Δ' Παλαιολόγος) ( 1348 - 1385 , ruled 1376 - 1379 ) – son of John V, half-blinded following revolt, later succeeded and was deposed, revolted a third time
- John V Palaeologus (Ιωάννης Ε' Παλαιολόγος) (Ιωάννης Ε' Παλαιολόγος) (ruled 1379 - 1390 ) – restored, deposed
- John VII Palaeologus (Ιωάννης Ζ' Παλαιολόγος) ( 1370 - 1408 , ruled 1390 ) – son of Andronicus IV
- John V Palaeologus (Ιωάννης Ε' Παλαιολόγος) (ruled 1390 - 1391 ) – restored
- Manuel II Palaeologus (Μανουήλ Β' Παλαιολόγος) ( 1350 - 1425 , ruled 1391 - 1425 ) – son of John V
- John VII Palaeologus (Ιωάννης Ζ' Παλαιολόγος) (ruled 1399 - 1402 ) – restored as coemperor
- John VIII Palaeologus (Ιωάννης Η' Παλαιολόγος) ( 1392 - 1448 , ruled 1425 - 1448 ) – son of Manuel II
- Constantine XI Palaeologus Dragatses (Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ' Παλαιολόγος Δραγάτσης) ( 1405 - 1453 , ruled 1449 - 1453 ) – son of Manuel II, not crowned in Constantinople, died on the walls
In 1453 Mehmed II overthrew the Byzantine Empire and claimed the title of Caesar ; his successors continued this claim. See Ottomans for the complete list of Ottoman sultans.
- Thomas Palaeologus (Θωμάς Παλαιολόγος) ( 1409 or 10 - 1465 ) – brother of Constantine XI; died in exile in Rome
- Andreas Palaeologus (Ανδρέας Παλαιολόγος) ( 1453 - 1502 ) – son of Thomas; created Despot by Pope Pius II , self-styled imperator Constantinopolitanus; sold titles to Charles VIII in 1494 and granted the remainder to King Ferran II of Aragon and Queen Isabel of Castille in his will.
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