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This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter . Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections to follow the orbit of Suixing (Jupiter, the Year Star). Astronomers rounded the orbit of Suixing to 12 years (from 11.86). Suixing was associated with Sheti (ɳ Böotes) and sometimes called Sheti. In correlative thinking, the twelve years of the Jupiter cycle also identify the twelve months of the year, twelve animals ( Mnemonic s for the system), directions, seasons, months, and Chinese Hour in the form of double-hours. When a Branch is used for the exact time of a day, the listed hours are used. When used for a period, it means a period from one hour before to one hour after. For instance, 午 (the Horse) means noon or a period from 11am to 1pm. (The jie qi system provided single hours and 15-degree arcs in time and space.) Chinese Seasons are based on observations of the sun and stars, not the Weather . Many Chinese calendrical systems have started the new year on the first New Moon after the Winter Solstice . The Earthly Branches are today used with the Heavenly Stems in the current version of the "traditional Calendar " and in Taoism . The Ganzhi (Stem-Branch) combination is a fairly new way to mark time; in the Shang era it was the ten Heavenly Stems that provided the names of the days of the week. The Branches are as old as the Stems (and according to recent Archaeology may actually be older), but the Stems were tied to the ritual calendars of Chinese kings. They were not part of the calendrical systems of the majority of Chinese.
Some cultures assign different animals: the second animal is the Water Buffalo in Vietnam , the fourth is the Cat in Vietnam and Thailand , and the twelfth is the Wild Boar in Japan . DIRECTIONS Even though Chinese has words for the four Cardinal Direction s - 北 (běi, north), 東 (dōng, east), 南 (nán, south), and 西 (xī, west) - Chinese Mariners and Astronomer s preferred using the twelve directions of the Earthly Branches, which is somewhat similar to the modern-day practice of English-speaking pilots using ''o'clock'' for directions. Since twelve points were not enough for sailing, twelve midpoints were added. Instead of combining two adjacent direction names, they assigned new names as follows:
Following is a table of the 24 directions:
Advanced mariners such as Zhèng Hé used 48-point compasses. An additional midpoint was called by a combination of its two closest basic directions, such as 丙午 (bǐngwǔ) for the direction of 172.5°, the midpoint between 丙 (bǐng), 165°, and 午 (wǔ), 180°. SEE ALSO
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