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Brazil has conducted a periodical population census since 1872. Since 1940, this census has been carried out . Scanned versions of the forms for each census distributed in Brazil since 1960 are available on-line from IPUMS International.1 DEMOGRAPHICS Ethnic groups In large part, the population descends from early Europe an settlers — chiefly Portuguese ; African slaves ( Yoruba , Ewe , Bantu , and others), and assimilated indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi and Guarani , but also of many other ethnic groups). Trans-ethnic marriages and concubinates have been common and well accepted ever since the first Portuguese settlers arrived. Starting in the late 19th Century Brazil received substantial immigration from several other countries, mainly what are now the countries of Italy , Germany , Spain , Poland , Lebanon and Syria (mostly Christians), Ukraine , Russia and Lithuania , Hungary , Romania and Armenia , Japan , China and Korea . Jewish people, both from Ashkenazi and Sephardi origin, form considerably large communities, especially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The descendants of the European Immigrant s, particularly the Germans , Italians and Poles , are mainly concentrated in the southern part of the country, in the states of Rio Grande Do Sul , Santa Catarina , Paraná , and São Paulo ; these states, together with the Spanish speaking countries of Argentina and Uruguay have a large majority of people of European descent. In the rest of the country, most of the White population is of older Portuguese settler stock. In the mid-southern states of Rio De Janeiro , Espírito Santo , Minas Gerais , Goiás , Mato Grosso Do Sul and in the Federal District of Brasilia , the number of whites is somewhat equal to the number of Afro-Brazilian and mixed race Brazilians. In the Northeast, which received large masses of African slaves to work in Sugarcane , Tobacco and Cotton plantations, people of African descent are dominant. The city of Salvador da Bahia is considered one of the largest black cities of the World. Many poorer people from the Northeast have migrated to the large cities of Rio De Janeiro and São Paulo in the south, helping improve the racial Melting Pot that characterizes these two megalopolises. In the Northwest (covering largely the Brazilian Amazon ), great part of the population has distinguisheable ethnic characteristics that emphasize their Native Brazilian roots. In fact, it is the only region where Mixed-Race Brazilians have distinct Indian traces. This is due to recent colonization by other ethnic groups, which have merged with the Indigenous tribes that lived there. This region, however, is not very populated, and these Mixed-Race people with noticeable Indigenous origins (named "caboclos") represent only a tiny part of the entire Brazilian population. diversity]] The Japanese are the largest Asian group in Brazil. In fact, Brazil has the largest Japanese population outside Japan, with 1.5 million Japanese-Brazilian s, most of them living in São Paulo . Some Chinese and Koreans also settled Brazil. Most Chinese came from Mainland China , but others came from Taiwan and Hong Kong , and also from Portuguese-speaking Macau —these Chinese from Macau could speak and understand Portuguese, and it was not hard for them to adjust to Brazilian life. Those immigrant populations and their descendants still retain some of their original ethnic identity, however they are not closed communities and are rapidly integrating into mainstream Brazilian society: for instance, very few of the third generation can understand their grandparents' languages. There are also a large number of Brazilians of Arab descent (estimated at 10 million people) , most of Christian Lebanese or Syria n descent {Link without Title} . Health According to Brazilian Government, the most serious health problems are (figures from 2002):
{Link without Title} Religion About 74% of all Brazilians claim to be members of the Roman Catholic Church ; most of the remaining 26% adhere to various Protestant faiths, Kardecism , Candomblé , Umbanda , Judaism , Islam , and Buddhism . According to IBGE 2000 Census, these are the biggest religious denominations in Brazil (only listed those with more than a half million members):
: Its Charismatic Renewal branch is fast growing; the Progressive Branch (Liberation Theology) and the Conservative branch are in decline. Only 15% of its membership attends the church regularly.
: General Convention of the Assemblies of God: 3.6 Million. Affiliated with the American Assemblies Of God , Springfield, MO : National Convention of the Assemblies of God: 2.5 Million. A.k.a. Madureira Ministry of the Assemblies of God : Other independent Assemblies of God: 1,9 Million, such as Bethesda Assemblies of God
: Brazilian Baptist Convention: 1,2 Million adherents. Affiliated to US Southern Baptists : National Baptist Convention: 1 Million. Charismatics Baptists : Independent Baptist Convention: 400,000. Scandinavian Baptists : Other Baptists: 400,000
: These includes Kardec Spiritualist; Afro-Brazilian Sincretists, New Age, etc, but with a much larger influence than their numbers
: Seventh-day Adventist Church : 900,000 : Promise Adventist Church: 150,000. Indigenous Pentecostal Adventists. : Reform Seventh Day Adventist Church: 50,000 : Other Adventists: 100,000
: Evangelical Church of Lutheran Confission : Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil : Other Lutherans
: Presbyterian Church of Brazil: 450,000 : Independent Presbyterian Church: 300,00 : Congregationalists: 100,000 : Other Calvinists:150,000
: Groups like Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church and many other small ones.
The non-religious people, Atheists and Agnostics , number about 7.3%. Languages Portuguese is the official language and spoken by the entire population. Spanish is understood in various degrees by most people. English is part of the official high school curriculum, but very few people achieve any usable degree of fluency in it. Brazil is the only Portuguese -speaking nation in The Americas , giving it a distinct national culture separate from its Spanish -speaking neighbors. Portuguese is the only language with full official status in Brazil; it is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio and TV, and for all business and administrative purposes. However, many minority languages are spoken daily throughout the vast national territory of Brazil. Some of these languages are spoken by indigenous peoples. Others yet are spoken by people who are for the most part bilingual (i.e. speakers of Portuguese and English, French, German, and/or Italian, etc.). Many of the indigenous people speak languages like: Guaraní , Kaingang , Nadëb , Carajá , Caribe , Tucano , Arára , Terêna , Borôro , Apalaí , Canela and many others. Not all Amerindian s desire to become part of the mainstream culture of Brazil . Even though Minorities are what they are, that is minorities, cultural conflicts cannot be dismissed as insignificant or unimportant based what percentage of the national population they are. Interestingly enough some of these minority languages recently have obtained local ''co-official status'' — e.g. Nheengatu , Tukano , and Baniwa in São Gabriel Da Cachoeira , Amazonas (2003). The Brazilian language Língua Geral which is now almost extinct, at one time, until the late 1800s, was the common language used by a large number of indigenous, African , and African-descendant peoples throughout the coast of Brazil — it was spoken by the majority of the population in the land. It was proscribed by the Marquis Of Pombal for its association with the Jesuit missions. Today, in the Amazon Basin , political campaigning is still printed in this now rare Language . Other languages such as German , Italian , Polish and Japanese are spoken in southern Brazil . There are whole regions in southern Brazil where people speak both Portuguese and one or more of these languages. For example, it is reported that more than 90% of the residents of the small city of Presidente Lucena , located in the state of Rio Grande Do Sul , speak Riograndenser Hunsrückisch , a Brazilian form of the Hunsrückisch Dialect of German (see this website ). Although they have been rapidly replaced by Portuguese in the last few decades — partly by a government decision to integrate immigrant populations —, today states like Rio Grande Do Sul are trying to reverse that trend and Immigrant Languages such as German and Italian are being reintroduced into the curriculum again in communities where they originally thrived. Meanwhile, on the Argentinian and Uruguay an border regions, Brazilian students are being introduced (formally) to the Spanish Language . More and more people are realizing in Brazil that a person can master and carry more than one language throughout their lives. In other words, integration into mainstream society does not mean that one has to become Monolingual . More and more the reasoning is that if languages are a Human Capital of great value to some, perhaps they should be considered valuable to one all. Some immigrant communities in southern Brazil , chiefly the German and the Italian ones, have lasted long enough to develop distinctive dialects from their original European sources. For example, Brazilian German , Riograndenser Hunsrückisch or Hunsrückisch and Talian or Italiano Riograndense. These are not languages per se but distinct dialects (from their original European counterparts). Other transplanted German Dialect s to this part of the world have not under gone the same level of changes. For example, the Austria n dialect spoken in Dreizehnlinden or Treze Tílias in the state of Santa Catarina ; or the dialect of the Donauschwaben spoken in Entre Rios , in the state of Paraná ; or the Pomeranian (Pommersch) dialect spoken in many different parts of southern Brazil (in the states of Rio Grande Do Sul , Santa Catarina , Paraná , Espírito Santo , etc.). Plautdietsch is spoken by the descendants of Russian Mennonites . A Japanese-language newspaper, the '' São Paulo Shinbun '', is published in the city of São Paulo . There is a significant community of Japanese Speakers in Paraná and Amazonas . Much smaller groups exist in Santa Catarina , Rio Grande Do Sul and other parts of Brazil . Many Chinese, especially from Macau, speak a Portuguese Creole , the Macanese Language (''Patuá'' or ''Macaista''), aside from Portuguese, Mandarin , and Cantonese . In São Paulo , the German-Brazilian newspaper Brasil-Post has been published for over fifty years. The Livraria Alemã of Blumenau was a fixture in the city for a long time. There are many other media organizations throughout the land specializing either in church issues, music, language, etc. The German-Brazilian community in Brazil is estimated to be in the millions. The Italian online newspaper La Rena offers Brazilian-Italian or Talian lessons. There are many other non-Portuguese publications, bilingual web sites, radio and television programs throughout the country. For example, TV GALEGA from Blumenau shows German-language programming on their channel on a weekly basis. The English-language daily '' Brazil Herald '' is directed mostly to Tourist s, foreign executives and expatriates. Most major foreign newspapers can be obtained in larger Brazilian cities ( Frankfurter Allgemeine ; Le Monde ; The New York Times ; etc.) DEMOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN , year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands.]] Population :188,078,227 Note Age structure ]] :0-14 years: 25.8% (male 24,687,656/female 23,742,998) :15-64 years: 68.1% (male 63,548,331/female 64,617,539) :65 years and over: 6.1% (male 4,712,675/female 6,769,028) (2006 est.) Median age :Total: 28.2 years :Male: 27.5 years :Female: 29 years (2006 est.) Population growth rate :1.04% (2006 est.) Birth rate :16.56 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) Death rate :6.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) Net migration rate :-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) Sex ratio :At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female :Under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female :15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female :65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female :Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.) Infant mortality rate :Total: 28.6 deaths/1,000 live births :Male: 32.3 deaths/1,000 live births :Female: 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) Life expectancy at birth :Total population: 71.97 years :Male: 68.02 years :Female: 76.12 years (2006 est.) Total fertility rate :1.91 children born/woman (2006 est.) Nationality :Noun: Brazilian(s) :Adjective: Brazilian Ethnic groups The only relatively isolated minority ethnic groups in Brazil are various non-assimilated Indigenous Tribes , comprising less than 1% of the population, who live in officially delimited reservations and either avoid contact with "civilized" people, or constitute separate social and political communities. The rest of the population can be considered a single "Brazilian" ethnic group, with highly varied racial types and backgrounds, but without clear ethnic sub-divisions. By physical type, a recent survey gives 55% "white", 38% "mixed", 6% "black", 1% "other". (However, these labels are poorly defined, and it is not known how they were determined for the survey.) The Ethnic Origin of the Brazilians can be traced to:
Religions :Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spiritualist 1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4% (2000 census) Literacy :Definition: age 15 and over can read and write :Total population: 86.4% :Male: 86.1% :Female: 86.6% (2003 est.) SEE ALSO REFERENCES |