| Cray Research |
Article Index for Cray |
Website Links For Cray |
Information AboutCray Research |
|
Cray Inc. () is a Supercomputer manufacturer based in Seattle, Washington . The company's predecessor, '''Cray Research, Inc.''' (CRI), was founded in 1972 by computer designer Seymour Cray . Already a legend in his field by this time, Cray put his company on the map in 1976 with the release of the Cray-1 Vector Computer . Cray went on to form the spin-off '''Cray Computer Corporation''' (CCC), in 1989 , which went Bankrupt in 1995 , while Cray Research was bought by SGI the next year. Cray Inc. was formed in 2000 when Tera Computer Company purchased the Cray Research business from SGI and adopted the name of its acquisition. COMPANY HISTORY The Cray Research years Seymour Cray began working in the computing field in 1950 when he joined Engineering Research Associates (ERA) in Saint Paul, Minnesota . There, he helped to create the ERA 1103 , regarded as the first successful scientific computer. ERA eventually became part of UNIVAC , and started to be phased out. He left the company in 1960 , a few years after some former ERA employees set up Control Data Corporation (CDC). He eventually set up a lab at his home in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin , about 85 miles to the east. Cray left CDC in 1972 to form his own company, Cray Research, with research and development facilities in Chippewa Falls but with the business headquarters back in Minneapolis . The Cray-1 was a major success when it was released, faster than all computers at the time except for the ILLIAC IV . The first system was sold within a month for US$ 8.8 million. Seymour Cray continued working, this time on the Cray-2 , though in the end it only ended up being marginally faster than the Cray X-MP , developed by another team at the company. He soon left the CEO position to become an independent contractor. Cray started a new VLSI technology lab for the Cray-2 in Boulder , Colorado , Cray Laboratories, in 1979. The Labs were closed in 1982, but Cray later headed a similar spin-off in 1989 , forming '''Cray Computer Corporation''' (CCC) in Colorado Springs . Seymour Cray worked there on the Cray-3 project, the first attempt at major use of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Semiconductor s in computing. However, the changing political climate (collapse of Warsaw Pact and the end of Cold War ) resulted in poor sales (only one Cray-3 was delivered), and the company fell by the wayside, eventually filing for Bankruptcy in 1995 . CCC's remains then begat Cray's final corporation SRC Computers, Inc. which still exists. Cray Research, with Steve Chen , continued with the line originally started with the X-MP, adding the Cray Y-MP and then Cray C90 and Cray T90 , developments of that series. All of these machines essentially comprised multiple Cray-1's in a box, two to four in the X-MP, up to thirty-two in the later machines. Because of the uncertainty of the Cray-2 project, a number of Cray-object-code compatible "Crayette" firms started: Scientific Computer Systems (SCS), American Supercomputer, Supertek, and perhaps at least one other firm. Not meant to compete against Cray, these firms attempted less expensive, slower CMOS versions of the X-MP with the release of the COS operating system (SCS) and the CFT Fortran compiler. All these firms also considered National Labs (LANL/LLNL) developed CTSS operating system as well before caving in to the tide of Unixes. In the late 1980s the high-performance market began to be overtaken by a series of Massively Parallel computers, led by pioneers Thinking Machines , Kendall Square Research , NCUBE , MasPar and Meiko Scientific . At first Cray Research denigrated such approaches, complaining that developing software to effectively use the machines was difficult—which was true in the era of the ILLIAC IV , but becoming less so each day. Eventually Cray realized that the approach was likely the only way forward and started a five year project to capture the lead in this area as well. The result was the DEC Alpha -based Cray T3D and Cray T3E series, which ironically left Cray as the only remaining supercomputer vendor in the market by 2000 . In the late 1980s and early 1990s a number of new vendors introduced small supercomputers, known as Minisupercomputer s (as opposed to superminis), which started to erode the market that would have otherwise considered a low-end Cray machine. Particularly popular was the Convex Computer series, as well as a number of small-scale parallel machines from companies like Pyramid Technology and Alliant Computer Systems . One such company was SuperTek , whose S-1 machine was an air-cooled CMOS implementation of the X-MP processor. Cray purchased SuperTek in 1989 and sold the S-1 as the Cray XMS , but the machine proved problematic. Meanwhile their not-yet-completed S-2, a Y-MP clone, was later offered as the Cray Y-MP EL (later becoming the EL90 series), which started to sell in reasonable numbers in 1991/2. These systems were sold to smaller companies, notably in oil exploration. This line evolved into the Cray J90 and eventually the Cray SV1 in 1998. Cray also purchased some of the assets of Floating Point Systems , another minisuper vendor who had moved into the File Server market with their SPARC -based Model 500 line. These SMP machines scaled up to 64 processors and ran a modified version of Sun Microsystems ' Solaris . Cray set up Cray Research Superservers, Inc. (later the '''Business Systems Division''') to sell this system as the Cray S-MP , later upgrading it with faster SuperSPARCs as the Cray CS6400 . Cray was never very successful in this market even though their design was one of the most powerful available, possibly due to it being foreign to their existing market niche. The SGI years Cray Research merged with Silicon Graphics (SGI) in February 1996 . At the time the industry was highly critical of the move, noting that there was little overlap between the two companies in terms of market or technology. SGI immediately sold off the Superservers business to Sun, who quickly turned the UltraSPARC-based ''Starfire'' project then under development into the extremely successful Enterprise 10000 range of servers. These continue to be sold to this day, and only recently have traditional Intel -based systems started to approach the performance of the systems Sun picked up almost for free. SGI did use a number of Cray technologies in their attempt to move from the graphics workstation market into supercomputing. Key among these was the use of the Cray-developed HIPPI Data-bus and details of the interconnects used in the T3 series. SGI's long-term strategy was to merge their high-end server line with Cray's product lines in two phases, code-named ''SN1'' and ''SN2'' (SN standing for "Scalable Node"). The SN1 was intended to replace the T3E and SGI Origin 2000 systems and later became the ''SN-MIPS'' or SGI Origin 3000 architecture. The SN2 was originally intended to unify all high-end/supercomputer product lines including the T90 into a single architecture. This goal was never achieved before SGI divested itself of the Cray business, and the SN2 name was later associated with the ''SN-IA'' or SGI Altix 3000 architecture. Under SGI ownership, one new Cray model line was launched, the SV1, in 1998. This was a clustered SMP vector processor architecture, developed from J90 technology. SGI set up a separate Cray Research Business Unit in August 1999 in preparation for detachment. On March 2 2000 , the unit was sold to Tera Computer Company . Tera Computer Company was then renamed Cray Inc. when the deal closed on April 4 2000 . Cray Inc. After the Tera merger, the Tera MTA system was relaunched as the Cray MTA-2 . This was not a commercial success and only shipped to two customers. Cray Inc. also badged the NEC SX-6 supercomputer as the Cray SX-6 and acquired exclusive rights to sell the SX-6 in the USA , Canada and Mexico . In 2002, Cray Inc. announced their first new model, the Cray X1 combined architecture Vector / MPP supercomputer. Previously known as the ''SV2'', the X1 is the end result of the earlier SN2 concept originated during the SGI years. In May 2004, Cray was announced to be one of the partners in the U.S. Department Of Energy 's fastest-computer-in-the-world project to build a 50 Teraflops machine for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory . As of November 2004 , the Cray X1 has a maximum measured performance of 5.9 teraflops, being the 29th fastest supercomputer in the world. Since then the X1 has been superseded by the X1E, with faster dual-core processors. On 4 October 2004 , the company announced the Cray XD1 range of entry-level supercomputers which use 64-bit AMD Opteron CPU s running Linux . This system was previously known as the OctigaBay 12K before Cray's acquisition of that company. Also in 2004, Cray built the Red Storm system for Sandia National Laboratories . This has processors clustered in 96-processor cabinets, a theoretical maximum of 300 cabinets in a machine, and a design speed of 41.5 teraflops. The Cray XT3 massively parallel supercomputer is a commercialized version of Red Storm, similar in many respects to the earlier T3E architecture, but, like the XD1, using AMD Opteron processors. Financial troubles 2005– Cray, Inc. filed an 8-K Report (from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ) on March 16 , 2005 warning of material weaknesses in internal control over Financial Reporting , specifically, inadequate review of third-party contracts and lack of software application controls and documentation. Management's disclosure also addressed the possibility of failing SOX 404 compliance testing. "We also expressed our auditors' serious reservations as to whether we will be able to complete our assessment and whether the auditors will be able to render an opinion on our assessment and/or our internal controls (03/16/05 8-K)". Cray's initial filing of its 10-K did not attest to operating effectiveness of internal controls as expected. Notes to the consolidated financial statements included a description of two types of material weaknesses discovered at the time of the report. The amended 10-K report, issued on May 3 , 2005 , described several material weaknesses in its control environment:
Cray prefaced its assessment by stating the fact that they were incomplete in their review, " {Link without Title} performed an incomplete review of financial applications and general computer controls and tax controls and did not perform a formalized entity-level risk assessment." Further contributing to Cray's problems was the loss of both the Chief Financial Officer and Financial Reporting Manager in the fourth quarter of 2004 , and the head of information technology in the first quarter of 2005. In the first quarter of 2005 Cray hired a director of internal audit and Sarbanes-Oxley compliance to relieve pressure from the corporate controller. Cray's stock price dropped 56%, from $3.15 per share on March 15 , 2005 , to $1.38 on May 25 , 2005 . On June 15 , 2005 , a Class Action Suit was filed against Cray on behalf of shareholders who purchased securities between July 31 and May 12. The suit accuses that the company had misrepresented financial data. In November 2005 Burton Smith , one of Tera's cofounders and Cray's chief scientist, resigned from the corporation to take up a position at Microsoft (Reuters) . TRIVIA
LIST OF COMPUTERS ).]] Cray Research (1972–2000; part of SGI 1996–2000)
Cray Computer Corp. (1989–1995) Cray Inc. (2000–present; result of merger between Tera Computers and Cray Research) REFERENCES
EXTERNAL LINKS
|