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EDUCATION Cram schools are usually privately owned. They are prevalent in East Asia , where Education plays a greater part in adolescent life. In fact, there are so many cram schools in Japan , Mainland China , Taiwan , Korea , Vietnam , and Hong Kong , that they have become a ''de facto'' parallel educational system, and high school students may need to attend cram schools after regular school to master certain important courses, like English , Mathematics or Natural Sciences . Cram schools usually specialize in a particular subject or subjects. Cram schools that prepare students for high school and university entrance examinations are also frequently specialized to particular schools, and the staff may have access to previous years' examinations. Special cram schools that prepare students who have failed their entrance examinations (known as Ronin in colloquial Japanese) to take them the following year are also common. Such students may spend up to eighteen hours a day studying to retake their tests. Students who attend regular after-school cram schools may study four hours or more. As the name suggests, the aim of a cram school is to impart as much information to its students as possible in the shortest period of time. The goal is to enable the students to "parrot," that is, to unthinkingly repeat, information that is deemed necessary for particular examinations. Cram schools are sometimes criticized, as indeed are the education systems in the countries in which they are prevalent, for the lack of training their students receive in critical thinking and analysis. CRAM SCHOOLS IN TAIWAN Taiwan's cram schools are called buxiban and are not necessarily cram schools in the traditional sense of cram. Almost any kind of extra curricular academic lesson could be termed buxiban regardless of whether it is really short-term or not. See also: Teaching English In Taiwan CRAM SCHOOLS IN INDIA Like in other Asian countries education plays a very great role in the lives of the young. And given the intense competition that young Indians experience because of the country's huge population, the need for a degree takes on a whole new perspective. Numerous cram schools—referred to as tutorials in India—have sprung up all over the nation. Like elsewhere here too these tutorials have become a parallel education system with the aim of getting their "clients" through various competitive exams. These exams are necessary to get into not only fields like engineering, medicine and law but also into India's civil services. Some of the more prominent tutorials are:
CRAM SCHOOLS IN JAPAN ''Main article: Juku '' CRAM SCHOOLS IN KOREA It is common for Korean school-children to attend one or more institutes after their elementary school-day is finished. Some types of institutes include math, science, art, and English. English-language institutes are particularly popular. Many native English-speakers are hired to teach at English-language institutes in Korea, referred to as English hagwons. The requirements for such a teaching position include a 4-year university degree, citizenship in an English-speaking country, and the ability to sign a contract for one year. In return, the institute often provides the instructor with round-trip airfare from his or her country of origin and a rent-free apartment for the duration of the instructor's contract. CRAM SCHOOLS IN TURKEY The " Dersane " system is the Turkish counterpart of cram schools. Students, typically in week-ends (in many instances, also after the school hours, especially in the last year), are drilled on various aspects of OSS , the unified "Student Selection Exam". A category of high school called " Fen Lisesi " (Sciences High School) is also widely considered as cram schools in Turkey. In the beginning, these schools had been found to promote scientific education particularily in the primary sciences like Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics. However the unified university entrance test exam system ( OSS ) structure transformed these school into intense test tutoring centers where students are trained for 4 years on taking the OSS test. Widely criticized in Turkey for inability to provide a well-rounded universal education nor the primary sciences to students, the "Fen Lisesi" system have produced consistently the best OSS test scorers years after years, especially in Sciences and Mathematics weighted point groups. CRAM SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES The phrase "cram school" is considered . SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINK |