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History The term ''marszałek'', derived from Old German ''marh-skalk'' or ''horse-servant'' came to Polish language in 13th Century from Bohemia . Initially it retained its original meaning and was used to denote the stable-keeper on various courts of princes, most notably in Silesia . However, soon the term evolved and started denoting one of the functions at the court. In 14th Century the royal court in Krakow introduced an office of the ''Marshal of the Polish Kingdom'' (''marszałek Królestwa Polskiego''), which was one of the offices reserved for kings' advisors. In 15th Century a similar office of ''Grand Marshal of the Crown'' (''marszałek wielki koronny'') was created for the closest of all kings' men. The Grand Marshal was often referred to as ''the first of the servants'' or ''first of the advisors'' (''pierwszy minister'' in 16th century Polish) as he was superior to all other officials at the court, including the cup-bearers, sword-bearers, flag-bearers, writers, mathematicians and secretaries. Among his responsibilities were command over the court during kigs' travels, obedience of court Etiquette and starting and closing the Senate meetings. In addition, when away from the Royal Castle , King entitled the marszałek to enforce the so-called ''marshal articles'', or a set of rules limiting the freedom of the Szlachta in the presence of the monarch and regulating the order of meetings in order to ensure kings' safety. Initially traditional law, the set of rules was finally accepted by the Sejm in 1678 . The Grand marshal's deputy was named ''marszałek nadworny'' (''marshal of the court''), who was taking care for the court and the safety of the Dame s. After the Union Of Lublin similar offices were created for Lithuania and were entitled to conduct the same set of duties when the king was on the Lithuanian soil. In addition, a separate office of ''land marshal of Lithuania'' (''marszałek ziemski litewski'') was created. Finally, in 17th Century an office of ''marszałek dworski'' (''court marshal'', not to be confused with ''marshal of the court'') was created. The latter official was the manager of kings' private property. In addition to the court officials, the term ''marszałek'' was also used to denote a number of lower-ranking or temporary officials. Out of those the most prominent were marshals of the Sejm (Polish parliament) ('' Marszałek Sejmu '') and Sejmik s (regional parliaments). In l level of administration and the other for Powiat -level. Initially elected by the gentry, after the January Uprising of 1863 the marshals were usually nominated by the governor. Their influence soon diminished and the office was abolished, together with the traditional Polish system of administrative division onto voivodships, lands and powiats. In 20th century, when Poland regained independence, a new rank was created: ''marszałek polski'' ( Marshal Of Poland ). It was first given to Józef Piłsudski , and although it is the highest military rank it is more of a honor-rank. This title is granted only to military commanders who achieved victory during a war. ''Marszałek sejmu'' was recreated as well. Types of marshals' offices The following is a list of most of the titles of ''marszałek''. Please note, however, than in many cases they are completely unrelated to each other. In the Polish Kingdom:
In the Polish-Lithnuanian Commonwealth:
In partitioned Poland:
In Second Polish Republic, People's Republic of Poland and present-day Poland:
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