|
| |
朝鮮天道教青友黨
|
| |
<small>Chosŏnch'ŏndogyoch'ŏngudang</small>
|
| |
<small>Joseoncheondogyocheong(-)udang</small>
|
The (or '''Ch'ŏngu''') '''Party''' (an approximate translation into
English could be "Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way") is a
United Front party in
North Korea and is labeled as democratic by the government of the country. The party was founded on
February 5 1946 , by a group of followers of the
Chondogyo (or ''Ch'ŏndogyo'')
Religion . The founder-leader of the party was
Kim Tarhyŏn .
The Chondogyo movement was founded in response to the
Christian missionary activities in
Korea in the end of the nineteenth century. The Chondogyo movement became a hotbed of Korean nationalism, and Chondogyo farmers took active part in the rebellion in
1894 and the movement played an important role in the anti-
Japanese struggle in
1919 . The communist parties of the
Soviet Union and Korea perceived Chondogyo as an 'utopian peasant movement'.
By
1945 Chondogyo was the second largest religion in Northern Korea, with 1.5 million believers. The Chondoist Chongu Party assembled 98,000 members after a few months of existence, and was larger (in membership) than the Communist Party. In December
1946 it had 204,387 members.
On
July 22 1946 the
Democratic Front For The Reunification Of The Fatherland was formed as a united front. The Chondist Chongu Party was one of the four parties included in it. Thus the subordination of the party under the leadership of the Communist Party (later
Workers Party Of Korea ) was formalized.
In the
1946 -
1947 elections to people's committees, village people's committees and ''myŏn'' people's committees about 5.3% of the 70,454 elected deputies belonged to the Chondoist Chongu Party. Kim Tarhyŏn became one of two deputy chairmen of the People's Assembly (the national parliament). During the first session of the People's Assembly a Chondist Chongu Party deputy, Kim Yun'gŏl, held a critical speech against the non-compliance with laws passed by the people's committees during the land reform process. Kim Yun'gŏl was fiercly attacked, and he retracted his statement. It was however historical, as its was perhaps the only critical comment ever made in the North Korean parliament.
When
DPRK was formally constituted in
1948 the Chondist Chongu Party obtained 16.5% of the seats in the Supreme People's Assembly.
However, the situation for the party would soon turn difficult. Large sectors of the Soviet and North Korean communist leaderships did not trust the party, and saw it as a potential nest for counterrevolutionaries. The most troublesome issue was that the North Korean Chondogyo movement continued to have contacts with the leadership of the religious group in
Seoul . In South Korea the Chondogyo leadership was anticommunist and supported the administration of President
Syngman Rhee . In January
1948 the Chondogyo leadership based in Seoul took a decision that a massive anticommunist manifestation would be held on
March 1 in
Pyongyang . For obvious reasons, this put the Chondist Chongu Party in the North in a precarious situation. Kim Tarhyŏn refused to follow the orders from Seoul, but others in the party leadership wanted to go ahead with the plans. The result was a massive purge of party members throughout North Korea. In the aftermath, the anticommunist sections of the movement initiated an underground resistance movement and tried to launch guerrilla warfare.
Kim Tarhyŏn and the people around him reaffirmed their loyalty to DPRK. In
1950 the Chondist Chongu Party in the South (but not the religious movement) united with the Northern party under his leadership. During the
Korean War the headquarters of the party was shifted to a town near the border with
China . The party leadership actively supported the DPRK war efforts, but many party cadres migrated to
South Korea during the war. Many had sided with Seoul during the war. In the aftermath of the war, the idea of the united front was increasingly impopular in the North Korean government circles and many wanted the non-communist parties banned. In the end the united front was kept, but the possiblity for the Chondist Chongu Party to conduct political activity was severly curtailed.
In
1954 the government subsidies to the party were cancelled. By
1956 there were approximately 1700-3000 members left (out of 10-50,000 remaining Chondogyo believers). At the same time about 200 persons were full-time employees of the party. In order to finance the party, it ran an iron foundry and a printing house.
In September
1957 Kim Tal-hyôn became a minister without portfolio.
In
1958 the party was purged. In November that year sources alleged that it had, together with the
Democratic Party , conspired against the DPRK leadership. Kim Tarhyŏn and his closest associates were arrested. By February they had pleaded guilty, and on
February 16 ,
1958 their parliamentary immunity was revoked. Most probably they were excuted, but the exact fate of them is not known.
By this time the party had effectively ceased to function as an independent entity. No provincial organization of the party existed, just a formal central nucleus.
Pak Sindŏk , previously the head of the Organizational Department of the party, took over the party leadership. The party still exists, but has been reduced to a letter-head. It conducts no activities except for those directed by the government and takes no independent positions on any political matters. The current chairwoman of the party is
Ryu Miyŏng .
#Lankov, Andrei N., ''The Demise of Non-Communist Parties in North Korea (1945–1960)'', published in Journal of Cold War Studies 2001:1, p. 103-125.
