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Ernesto Guevara de la Serna ( June 14 , 1928 – October 9 , 1967 ), commonly known as '''Che Guevara''' or '''el Che,''' was an Argentine-born physician, Marxist Revolutionary , politician, and Cuban Guerrilla leader. As a young man studying medicine, Guevara traveled "rough" throughout Latin America , bringing him into direct contact with the poverty in which many people lived. Through these experiences he became convinced that only revolution could remedy the region's economic inequality, leading him to study Marxism and become involved in Guatemala 's Social Revolution under President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán . Sometime later, Guevara became a member of Fidel Castro 's 26th Of July Movement that seized power in Cuba in 1959. After serving in various important posts in the new government and writing a number of articles and books on the theory and practice of Guerrilla Warfare , Guevara left Cuba in 1965 with the intention of fomenting revolutions first in the Congo-Kinshasa (later named the Democratic Republic Of The Congo ) and then in Bolivia , where he was captured in a CIA -organized military operation. Guevara died at the hands of the Bolivian Army in La Higuera near Vallegrande on October 9 1967 . Participants in and witnesses to the events of his final hours testify that his captors Summarily Executed him, perhaps to avoid a public trial followed by imprisonment in Bolivia. After his death, Guevara became an icon of 2006 . Family heritage and early life Ernesto Guevara de la Serna was born in 2006 . the eldest of five children in a family of mixed Spanish, Basque and Irish descent. The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14 1928 , although some sources assert that he was actually born on May 14 1928 ,Anderson, Jon Lee. ''Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life'', New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 3 and the birth certificate was falsified to shield the family from a potential scandal relating to his mother's having been three months pregnant when she was married. One of Guevara's forebears, Patrick Lynch, was born in Galway , Ireland , in 1715. He left for Bilbao , Spain , and traveled from there to Argentina. Francisco Lynch (Guevara's great-grandfather) was born in 1817, and Ana Lynch (his beloved grandmother) in 1861. Her son Ernesto Guevara Lynch (Guevara's father) was born in 1900. Guevara Lynch married Celia de la Serna y Llosa in 1927, and they had three sons and two daughters. In this family with leftist leanings, Guevara became known for his dynamic and radical perspective even as a boy. Though suffering from the crippling bouts of Asthma that were to afflict him throughout his life, he excelled as an athlete. He was an avid rugby player despite his handicap and earned himself the nickname "Fuser"—a contraction of "El Furibundo" (English: raging) and his mother's surname, "Serna"—for his aggressive style of play.Anderson, Jon Lee. ''Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life'', New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 28 Guevara learned Chess from his father and began participating in local tournaments by the age of 12.Digital Granma Internacional,"Simultaneous chess game on 37th anniversary of Che’s death", 13 October 2004. Online at Granma International English Edition , accessed 5 January 2006 . During his adolescence he became passionate about poetry, especially that of Pablo Neruda . Guevara, as is common practice among Latin Americans of his class, also wrote poems throughout his life. He was an enthusiastic and eclectic reader, with interests ranging from adventure classics by Jack London and Jules Verne to essays on sexuality by Sigmund Freud and treatises on social philosophy by Bertrand Russell . In his late teens, he developed a keen interest in photography and spent many hours photographing people and places, and during later travels, archaeological sites. In 1948 Guevara entered the University Of Buenos Aires to study medicine. Medical training in Latin America generally takes at least seven years since it begins immediately after the completion of secondary studies (approximately equivalent to high school). After some interruptions, Guevara completed his formal medical studies at the University of Buenos Aires in March 1953, but apparently not the clinical training required to practice medicine. Thus it seems that he was a "médico", not a "doctor en medicina." While a student, Guevara spent long periods traveling around in Peru on the banks of the Amazon River . Guevara narrated this journey in '' The Motorcycle Diaries '', which was translated into English in 1996 and used in 2004 as the basis for a Motion Picture Of The Same Name . Through his first-hand observations of the Poverty , oppression and powerlessness of the masses and drawing reflection on his informal marxist studies, Guevara concluded that the only solution for Latin America's economic and social inequities lay in revolution. His travels also inspired him to look upon Latin America not as a collection of separate nations but as a single entity, the liberation of which would require a continent-wide strategy; he began to imagine the possibility of a united Ibero-America without borders, bound together by a common ' Mestizo ' culture, an idea that would figure prominently in his later revolutionary activities. Upon his return to Argentina, he completed his medical studies as quickly as he could in order to continue his travels around South and Central America. Guatemala Following his graduation from the University Of Buenos Aires medical school in 1953, Guevara travelled through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador, finally ending up in Guatemala where President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán headed a populist government that, through various reforms, particularly Land Reform , was attempting to bring about a Social Revolution . Around this time Guevara acquired his famous nickname, " Che ", due to his frequent use of the Argentine word ''Che'' ( Pronounced ), used in a similar way to "pal" or "mate" or "dude" as used colloquially in various English-speaking countries. Uruguay and Argentina are the only two countries to use this word, therefore making this a trademark of the region. According to Jon Anderson, Guevara's main political contact in Guatemala was the Peruvian socialist Hilda Gadea, who introduced him to high-level politicians in the Arbenz government. Hilda was a member of the 2006 The anti-Arbenz forces were unable to stop the trans-shipment of the Czech weapons by train; however, after recovering energy, and apparently with the help of air support, they started to gain ground (Holland, 2005). Guevara joined an armed militia organized by the Communist Youth for several days, but soon returned to medical duties. Following the coup Guevara volunteered to fight, but Arbenz told his foreign supporters to leave the country, and after Hilda was arrested, he briefly took refuge in the Argentine Consulate and then moved on to Mexico. The overthrow of the Arbenz government by a Coup D'état Backed By The Central Intelligence Agency cemented Guevara's view of the United States as an Imperialist power that would consistently oppose governments attempting to address the socioeconomic inequality endemic to Latin America and other developing countries. This helped strengthen his conviction that socialism was the only true way to rectify such problems Cuba Guevara met Fidel Castro in Mexico City and joined the " 26th Of July Movement " that intended to overthrow Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista . Although it was planned that he would be the group's medic, Guevara participated in the military training along with the other members of the 26J Movement, and at the end of the course was singled out by their instructor, Col. Alberto Bayo , as his most outstanding student. Meanwhile, Hilda Gadea had arrived from Guatemala and she and Guevara resumed their relationship. In the summer of 1955 she informed him that she was pregnant and he immediately suggested that they marry. The wedding took place on 18 August 1955 and their daughter, whom they named Hilda Beatríz, was born on 15 February 1956. When the cabin cruiser '' Granma '' set out from Tuxpan , Veracruz for Cuba in November 1956, Guevara was the only non-Cuban aboard. Attacked soon after landing by Batista's military, about half of the expeditionaries were killed or executed upon capture. This left only 15–20 rebels as a battered fighting force; they re-grouped and fled into the mountains of the Sierra Maestra to wage Guerrilla Warfare against the Batista regime. Guevara became a leader among the rebels, a ''Comandante'' (English translation: Major), respected by his comrades in arms for his courage, and feared for what some have described as "ruthlessness": he was responsible for the execution of many men found guilty of being informers, deserters or spies. In the final days of December 1958, he directed the attack led by his "suicide squad" (a squad which undertook the most dangerous tasks in the rebel army)Ernesto Che Guevara,"Suicide Squad: Example Of Revolutionary Morale (an excerpt from ''Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War - 1956-58''). The Militant Online , accessed 27 March 2006 . on Santa Clara which was one of the decisive events of the revolution, although the bloody series of ambushes first during ''la ofensiva'' in the heights of the Sierra Maestra, and then at Guisa, and the whole Cauto Plains campaign that followed probably had more military significance. After finding his generals, especially General Cantillo who visited Castro at the inactive sugar mill "Central America", were making a separate peace with Castro, Batista fled to the Dominican Republic on 1 January 1959 . On 7 February 1959 , the victorious government proclaimed Guevara "a Cuban citizen by birth". Shortly thereafter, he initiated divorce proceedings to put a formal end to his marriage with Hilda Gadea, from whom he had been separated since before leaving Mexico on the '' Granma '', and on 2 June 1959 , he married Aleida March, a Cuban-born member of the 26th of July movement with whom he had been living since late 1958. 1960 ]] He was appointed commander of the La Cabaña Fortress prison, and during his six months' tenure in this post ( January 2 through June 12 , 1959 ),Anderson, Jon Lee. ''Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life'', New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 372 and p. 425 he oversaw the trial and execution of many people including former Batista regime officials, members of the BRAC (Buró de Represión de Actividades Comunistas, "Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities") secret police, alleged war criminals, and political dissidents. Later, Guevara became an official at the National Institute of Agrarian Reform, and President of the National Bank of Cuba (somewhat ironically, as he often condemned money, and showed his disdain by signing Cuban banknotes with his nickname, "Che"). During this time his fondness for Chess was rekindled, and he attended and participated in most national and international tournaments held in Cuba.chessgames.com, " Miguel Najdorf vs Ernesto Che Guevara". Online at chessgames.com , accessed 5 January 2006 . He was particularly eager to encourage young Cubans to take up the game, and organized various activities designed to stimulate their interest in it. Even as early as 1959, Guevara helped organize revolutionary attempts overseas, first in Panama and then in the Dominican Republic (led by Henry Fuerte,Puerto Padre website, "Cronologia" ( List of anniversaries ) Online at Puerto Padre website , accessed 2006 . In these attempts Ramón López (Nené), aide to Comandante Camilo Cienfuegos , died; thus these landings are said by some to have been a purge of "Camilo" loyalists. In 1960 Guevara provided first aid to victims during the '' 2006 Guevara later served as Minister of Industries, in which post he helped formulate Cuban socialism, and became one of the country's most prominent figures. In his book ''Guerrilla Warfare'', he advocated replicating the Cuban model of revolution initiated by a small group ('' Foco '') of guerrillas without the need for broad organizations to precede armed insurrection. This strategy would later fail fatally in Bolivia . His essay ''El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba'' (1965) (''Man and Socialism in Cuba'') advocates the need to shape a "new man" (''hombre nuevo'') in conjunction with a socialist state. Some saw Guevara as the simultaneously glamorous and austere model of that "new man." Others grew to view him as a dangerous incompetent. During the 1961 Bay Of Pigs Invasion , Guevara did not participate in the fighting, having been ordered by Castro to a command post in Cuba's westernmost Pinar del Rio province where he was involved in fending off a decoy force. He did, however, suffer a bullet wound to the face during this deployment, which he said had been caused by the accidental firing of his own gun. Guevara played a key role in bringing to Cuba the Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles that precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. During an interview with the British newspaper ''Daily Worker'' some months later, he stated that, if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them against major U.S. cities.Anderson, Jon Lee. ''Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life'', New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 545: "In an interview with Che a few weeks after the crisis, Sam Russell a British correspondent for the socialist Daily Worker, found Guevara still fuming over the Soviet betrayal. Alternately puffing on a cigar and taking blasts from an inhaler, Guevara told Russell that if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them off. Russell came away with mixed feelings about Che, calling him 'a warm character whom I took to immediately...clearly a man of great intelligence though I thought he was crackers from the way he went on about the missiles.'" Disappearance from Cuba In December 1964 Che Guevara traveled to New York City as the head of the Cuban delegation to speak at the UN ( listen , requires 2006 On 17 December, he flew to Paris and embarked on a three-month international tour during which he visited the People's Republic Of China , the United Arab Republic ( Egypt ), Algeria , Ghana , Guinea , Mali , Dahomey , Congo-Brazzaville and Tanzania , with stops in Ireland , Paris and Prague . In Algiers on February 24 , 1965 , he made what turned out to be his last public appearance on the international stage when he delivered a speech to the "Second Economic Seminar on Afro-Asian Solidarity" in which he declared, "There are no frontiers in this struggle to the death. We cannot remain indifferent in the face of what occurs in any part of the world. A victory for any country against imperialism is our victory, just as any country's defeat is our defeat."Ernesto Che Guevara, (editors Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdés), ''Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara'', Cambridge, MA: 1969, p. 350.Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of Algiers Speech", Online at Sozialistische Klassiker , accessed 2006 . He returned to Cuba on 14 March to a solemn reception by Fidel and Raúl Castro, Osvaldo Dorticós and Carlos Rafael Rodríguez at the Havana airport. Two weeks later, Guevara dropped out of public life and then vanished altogether. His whereabouts were the great mystery of 1965 in Cuba, as he was generally regarded as second in power to Castro himself. His disappearance was variously attributed to the relative failure of the industrialization scheme he had advocated while minister of industry, to pressure exerted on Castro by Soviet officials disapproving of Guevara's pro- Chinese Communist tendencies as the Sino-Soviet Split grew more pronounced, and to serious differences between Guevara and the Cuban leadership regarding Cuba's economic development and ideological line. It may also be that Fidel had grown increasingly wary of Che Guevara's popularity and considered him a potential threat. Critics of Fidel sometimes claim Castro's explanations for Guevara's disappearance have always been suspect (see below), and many found it surprising that Guevara never announced his intentions publicly, but only through an undated letter to Castro. Guevara's pro-Chinese orientation was increasingly problematic for Cuba as the nation's economy became more and more dependent on the Soviet Union. Since the early days of the Cuban revolution, Guevara had been considered an advocate of Maoist strategy in Latin America and the originator of a plan for the rapid industrialization of Cuba, which some compared to China's " Great Leap Forward ". According to Western "observers" of the Cuban situation, the fact that Guevara was opposed to Soviet conditions and recommendations that Castro seemed obliged to accept might have been the reason for his disappearance. However, both Guevara and Castro were supportive of the idea of a united front, including the Soviet Union and China, and had made several unsuccessful attempts to reconcile the feuding parties. Following the . Pressed by international speculation regarding Guevara's fate, Castro stated on . purportedly written to him by Guevara some months earlier in which Guevara reaffirmed his enduring solidarity with the Cuban Revolution but stated his intention to leave Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution. He explained that "Other nations of the world summon my modest efforts," and that he had therefore decided to go and fight as a guerrilla "on new battlefields". In the letter Guevara announced his resignation from all his positions in the government, in the party, and in the Army, and renounced his Cuban citizenship, which had been granted to him in 1959 in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the revolution. During an interview with four foreign correspondents on November 1 , Castro remarked that he knew where Guevara was but would not disclose his location, and added, denying reports that his former comrade-in-arms was dead, that "he is in the best of health." Despite Castro's assurances the fate of Guevara remained a mystery at the end of 1965. Guevara's movements and whereabouts continued to be a closely held secret for the next two years. Congo During their all-night meeting on March 14 – March 15 1965 , Guevara and Castro had agreed that he would personally lead Cuba's first military action in Africa. Some usually reliable sources state that Guevara persuaded Castro to back him in this effort, while other sources of equal reliability maintain that Castro convinced Guevara to undertake the mission, arguing that conditions in the various Latin American countries that had been under consideration for the possible establishment of guerrilla ''foci'' were not yet optimal. Fidel himself has said the latter is true. The Cuban operation was to be carried out in support of the pro- Lumumba Marxist Simba movement in the Congo-Kinshasa (formerly Belgian Congo , later Zaire and currently the Democratic Republic Of The Congo ). In 1965 Guevara was assisted for a time in the Congo-Kinshasa by guerrilla leader 2006 . Although Guevara was 37 at the time and had no formal military training, he had the experiences of the Cuban revolution, including his successful march on Santa Clara, which was central to Batista finally being overthrown by Castro's forces. His asthma prevented him from entering military service in Argentina, a fact of which he was proud, given his opposition to the government. South African mercenaries including Mike Hoare and Cuban exiles worked with the Congolese army to thwart Guevara. They were able to monitor Guevara's communications, arrange to ambush the rebels and the Cubans whenever they attempted to attack, and interdict Guevara's supply lines.African History Blog, "Che Guevara's Exploits in the Congo", Che Guevara's Exploits in the Congo Online at African History , accessed 5 January 2006 .Mad Mike Hoare Site, "Mad Mike". Online at Geocities.com , accessed 5 January 2006 . Guevara's aim was to export the Cuban Revolution by instructing local Simba fighters in communist ideology and strategies of Guerrilla Warfare . The incompetence, intransigence, and infighting of the local Congolese forces are cited by Guevara in his ''Congo Diaries'' as the key reasons for the revolt's failure.Ireland's Own, "From Cuba to Congo, Dream to Disaster for Che Guevara". Onine at irelandsown.net , accessed 11 January 2006 . Later that same year, ill, suffering from his asthma and frustrated after seven months of hardship, Guevara left the Congo with the Cuban survivors (six of Guevara's column had died). At one point Guevara considered sending the wounded back to Cuba, then standing alone and fighting until the end in Congo as a revolutionary example; but after being persuaded by his comrades in arms and two emissaries sent by Fidel Castro, he left the Congo. Because Fidel Castro had made public Guevara's letterErnesto Che Guevara, "Che Guevara's Farewell Letter", 1965. English translation of complete text: . to him in which he wrote that he was severing all ties with Cuba in order to devote himself to revolutionary activities in other parts of the world, Guevara felt that he could not return to Cuba for moral reasons, and he spent the next six months living clandestinely in Dar-es-Salaam , Prague and the GDR . During this time he compiled his memoirs of the Congo experience, and also wrote drafts of two more books, one on philosophyErnesto Che Guevara, ''Apuntes Filosóficos'', draft. and the other on economics.Ernesto Che Guevara, ''Notas Económicas'', draft. Throughout this period Castro said he continued to importune him to return to Cuba, but Guevara only agreed to do so when it was understood that he would be there on a strictly temporary basis for the few months needed to prepare a new revolutionary effort somewhere in Latin America, and that his presence on the island would be cloaked in the tightest secrecy. Bolivia Insurgent Speculation on Guevara's whereabouts continued throughout 1966 and into 1967. Representatives of the rally in Havana, the Acting Minister of the armed forces, Maj. Juan Almeida, announced that Guevara was "serving the revolution somewhere in Latin America". The persistent reports that he was leading the guerrillas in Bolivia were eventually shown to be true. At Fidel Castro's request, a parcel of land in a remote area had been purchased by native Bolivian Communists for Guevara to use as a training area and base camp. The evidence suggests that the training at this camp in the Ñancahuazú region was more hazardous than combat to Guevara and the Cubans accompanying him. Little was accomplished in the way of building a guerrilla army. Former Stasi operative Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider , better known by her ''nom de guerre'' " Tania ", who had been installed as his primary agent in La Paz, was reportedly also working for the KGB and is widely inferred to have unwittingly served Soviet interests by leading Bolivian authorities to Guevara's trail.Major Donald R. Selvage - USMC, "Che Guevara in Bolivia", 1 April 1985. Online at GlobalSecurity.org , accessed 5 January 2006 . The numerous photographs taken by and of Guevara and other members of his guerrilla group that they left behind at their base camp after the initial clash with the Bolivian army in March 1967 provided President René Barrientos with the first proof of his presence in Bolivia; after viewing them, he allegedly expressed the desire to see Guevara's head displayed on a pike in downtown La Paz . He ordered the Bolivian Army to hunt Guevara and his followers down. Guevara's guerrilla force, numbering about 50 and operating as the ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional de Bolivia; English: "National Liberation Army of Bolivia"), was well equipped and scored a number of early successes in difficult terrain in the mountainous Camiri region of the country against Bolivian regulars. In September, however, the Army managed to eliminate two guerrilla groups, reportedly killing one of the leaders. Despite the violent nature of the conflict, Guevara gave medical attention to all of the wounded Bolivian soldiers whom the guerrillas took prisoner, and then released them. Even after his last battle at the Quebrada del Yuro, in which he had been wounded, when he was taken to a temporary holding location and saw there a number of Bolivian soldiers who had also been wounded in the fighting, he offered to give them medical care. (His offer was turned down by the Bolivian officer in charge.)Taibo, Paco Ignacio II. ''Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che'', Barcelona, 1999: Editorial Planeta, p 726. Guevara's plan for fomenting revolution in Bolivia appears to have been based upon a number of misconceptions:
In addition, his penchant for confrontation rather than compromise appears to have contributed to his inability to develop successful working relationships with local leaders in Bolivia, just as they had in the CongoErnesto Che Guevara, "Excerpt from ''Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria: Congo''", Online at Cold War International History Project , accessed 26 April 2006 . . This tendency had surfaced during his guerrilla warfare campaign in Cuba as well, but had been kept in check there by the timely interventions and guidance of Fidel Castro.Castañeda, Jorge G. ''Che Guevara: Compañero'', New York: 1998, Random House, pp 107-112; 131-132. Capture and execution The Bolivian Special Forces were notified of the location of Guevara's guerrilla encampment by a deserter. On October 8 the encampment was encircled, and Guevara was captured while leading a patrol in the vicinity of La Higuera . He offered to surrender after being wounded in the legs and having his rifle destroyed by a bullet. (His pistol was inexplicably lacking an ammunition clip.) According to soldiers present at the capture, during the skirmish as soldiers approached Guevara, he allegedly shouted, "Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and worth more to you alive than dead." This claim is disputed, as some soldiers say this story was set loose to show Guevara in a more humiliating light. Barrientos promptly ordered his execution upon being informed of his capture. Guevara was taken to a dilapidated schoolhouse where he was held overnight. Early the next afternoon he was executed, bound by his hands to a board. The executioner was a sergeant in the Bolivian army who had drawn a short straw and got to shoot Guevara. Several versions exist about what happened next. Some say the executioner was too nervous, left, and was forced back inside. Others say he was so nervous he refused to look Guevara in the face and shot him in the side of the throat, which was the fatal wound. The most widely agreed upon account is that Guevara received multiple shots to the legs, so as to avoid maiming his face for identification purposes and simulate combat wounds in an attempt to conceal his execution. Biting his arm to avoid crying out, he was eventually spared his pain and shot in the chest, filling his lungs with blood. Che Guevara did have some 2006 After a military doctor surgically amputated his hands, Bolivian army officers transferred Guevara's cadaver to an undisclosed location and refused to reveal whether his remains had been buried or cremated. The hunt for Guevara in Bolivia was headed by 2006 Upon hearing of Guevara's capture, Rodríguez relayed the information to CIA headquarters at Langley, Virginia, via CIA stations in various South American nations. After the execution Rodríguez took Guevara's Rolex watch and several other personal items, often proudly showing them to reporters during the ensuing years. A side issue connected with the guerrillas was the arrest and trial of Régis Debray . In April 1967 government forces captured Debray, a young French professor of philosophy at the University of Havana who studied in the Ecole Normale Supérieure with Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser ,marxists.org website, "Louis Althusser" Online , accessed 11 March 2006 . and accused him of collaborating with the guerrillas. Debray claimed that he had merely been acting as a reporter, and revealed that Guevara, who had mysteriously disappeared several years earlier, was leading the guerrillas. As Debray's trial—which had become an international '' Cause Célèbre ''—was beginning in early October, Bolivian authorities on October 11 reported (falsely) that Guevara had been shot and killed in an engagement with government forces on October 9 . On October 15 Castro acknowledged that the death had occurred and proclaimed three days of public mourning throughout Cuba. The death of Guevara was regarded as a severe blow to the socialist revolutionary movements throughout Latin America and the rest of the third world countries. In 1997 the skeletal remains of Guevara's handless body were exhumed from beneath an air strip near Vallegrande, positively identified by DNA matching, and returned to Cuba. On October 17 , 1997 , his remains, along with those of six of his fellow combatants killed during the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia, were laid to rest with full military honors in a specially built mausoleum in the city of Santa Clara, where he had won the said decisive battle of the Cuban Revolution thirty-nine years before. ''The Bolivian Diary'' Also removed when Guevara was captured was his diary, which documented events of the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia.Ernesto Che Guevara,''"Diario (Bolivia)"''. Online , accessed 26 February 2006 . The first entry is on 7 November 1966 shortly after his arrival at the farm in Ñancahuazú, and the last entry is on 7 October 1967 , the day before his capture. The diary tells how the guerrillas were forced to begin operations prematurely due to discovery by the Bolivian Army, explains Guevara's decision to divide the column into two units that were subsequently unable to reestablish contact, and describes their overall failure. It records the rift between Guevara and the Bolivian Communist Party that resulted in Guevara having significantly fewer soldiers than originally anticipated. It shows that Guevara had a great deal of difficulty recruiting from the local populace, due in part to the fact that the guerrilla group had learned Quechua rather than the local language which was Tupí-Guaraní . As the campaign drew to an unexpected close, Guevara became increasingly ill. He suffered from ever-worsening bouts of asthma, and most of his last offensives were carried out in an attempt to obtain medicine. The Bolivian Diary was quickly and crudely translated by '' Ramparts '' magazine and circulated around the world. There are at least four additional diaries, those of Israel Reyes Zayas (Alias "Braulio"), Harry Villegas Tamayo ("Pombo"), Eliseo Reyes Rodriguez ("Rolando")Major Donald R. Selvage - USMC, "Che Guevara in Bolivia", 1 April 1985. Online at GlobalSecurity.org , accessed 5 January 2006 . and Dariel Alarcón Ramírez ("Benigno").Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel dit "Benigno". ''Le Che en Bolivie'', Paris: 1997, Éditions du Rocher These additional documents reveal additional aspects of these events. Legacy n Ministry of the Interior, based on of the Ministry of Industries (MININD) from 1961 to 1965, this building was the MININD's headquarters and his office was on the top floor.]] While pictures of Guevara's dead body were being circulated and the circumstances of his death debated, his legend began to spread. Demonstrations in protest against his execution occurred throughout the world, and articles, tributes, songs and poems were written about his life and death.Carlos Puebla,"Carta al Che". Online , accessed 2006 . Even liberal elements that had felt little sympathy with Guevara's communist ideals during his lifetime expressed admiration for his spirit of self-sacrifice. He is singled out from other revolutionaries by many young people in the West because he rejected a comfortable bourgeois background to fight for those who were deprived of political power and economic stability. And when he gained power in Cuba, he gave up all the trappings of high government office in order to return to the revolutionary battlefield and, ultimately, to die. Especially in the late 1960s, he became a 2006 . Posters and apparel bearing his image were also prominent during the marches to protest U.S. immigration policy that took place in 2006 . Guevara's reputation even extended into theater, where he is depicted as the narrator in Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber 's musical '' Evita ''. This portrays Guevara as becoming disillusioned with Eva Perón and her husband, President Juan Domingo Perón , because of Perón's increasing corruption and tyranny. The narrator role involves creative license, because Guevara's only interaction with Eva Perón was to write her a letter in his youth asking for a Jeep . Some 205,832 persons visited Guevara's mausoleum in 2004, of whom 127,597 were foreigners. Among the tourists visiting the site were people from Argentina, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Africa, the United States, and Venezuela. Guevara was called "the most complete human being of our age" by the French philosopher 2006 Guevara's supporters believe he may yet prove to be the most important thinker and activist in Latin America since Simón Bolívar , leader of the South American independence movement and hero to subsequent generations of nationalists throughout Latin America. Popular culture Criticism Though he is seen by many as a hero, opponents of Guevara, including Cuban exiles, think of him as a killer and terrorist. They point to what they see as the less savory aspects of Guevara's life, taking the viewpoint that he was enthusiastic about executing opponents of the 2006 . '' 2006 . Contrary to Guevara supporters, these critics argue that Guevara was a blundering tactician. They dispute accounts of the Battle of Santa Clara; on the capturing of a train supplying heavy reinforcements, critic Álvaro Vargas Llosa writes, "Numerous testimonies indicate that the commander of the train surrendered in advance, perhaps after taking bribes." 2006 Finally, these critics believe that Guevara was a major failure at managing the Cuban economy, as he "oversaw the near-collapse of sugar production, the failure of industrialization, and the introduction of rationing—all this in what critics claim had been one of Latin America’s four most economically successful countries since before the Batista dictatorship."History News Network, "Che Guevara... The Dark Underside of the Romantic Hero". Online , accessed 2006 In addition, some critics believe that, because there is no documentary evidence of Guevara having earned a medical degree, he was not actually a doctor.Humberto Fontova, "Fidel's Executioner". FrontPage magazine Online , accessed 2006 Although much criticism of Guevara and his legacy emanates from the political center and right, there has also been criticism from other political groups such as 2006 Timeline Guevara's published works In English (translations)
In Spanish
See also Source notes Content notes Note_label|Birthdate|›|none}} Birthdate: While June 14 , 1928 is Guevara's official date of birth, it may not be the actual date of birth. The official story is that he was born eight months after his parents married; several sources suggest that he was born earlier (the date May 14 is the most prevalent), and that his mother was already pregnant at the time of her marriage. Note_label|Surname|›|none}} Surname: Re origin of the surname Guevara -- "Basque: Castilianized form of Basque '''Gebara''', a habitational name from a place in the Basque province of Araba. The origin and meaning of the place name are uncertain; it is recorded in the form Gebala by the geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century ad. This is a rare name in Spain." ''Dictionary of American Family Names'', Patrick Hanks, ed., London: 2003, Oxford University Press Note_label|Galway|›|none}} Galway: The Lynch family was one of the famous 14 Tribes of Galway. The misconception exists that Ana María Isabel Lynch was born in Ireland, whereas she was actually born (1868) in San Francisco, California, USA where her father, Francisco Lynch, had travelled from Argentina during the Gold Rush years. Francisco had married a young Californian widow, Eloísa Ortiz, ca. 1860 and they had several other American-born children in addition to Ana Isabel. The man Ana Isabel would eventually marry, Roberto Guevara Castro, had also been born in California, USA of an Argentine father and a Californian mother who was the grand-daughter of the Spanish aristocrat Don Luís Peralta who had been given large land grants by the King of Spain; however, Ana Isabel and Roberto did not meet until both of their families had returned to Argentina. During Che's childhood, listening to his Grandmother Ana Isabel's tales of frontier life in California was one of his greatest delights. Note_label|Neruda|›|none}} Neruda: It is unclear whether he was familiar with the poems in which Neruda praised Fulgencio Batista , a principal future antagonist. A book of Neruda's poetry was found in Guevara's knapsack when he was captured in Bolivia. Note_label|Ibero-America|›|none}} Ibero-America: In a brief speech at the San Pablo leprosarium in Peru on the occasion of his 24th birthday, Guevara said: "Although we're too insignificant to be spokesmen for such a noble cause, we believe, and this journey has only served to confirm this belief, that the division of America into unstable and illusory nations is a complete fiction. We are one single mestizo race with remarkable ethnographical similarities, from Mexico down to the Magellan Straits. And so, in an attempt to break free from all narrow-minded provincialism, I propose a toast to Peru and to a United America." Source: Ernesto Che Guevara, ''Motorcycle Diaries'', London: Verso Books, 1995, p.135. Note_label|Knapsack|›|none}} Knapsack: "Quizás esa fue la primera vez que tuve planteado prácticamente ante mí el dilema de mi dedicación a la medicina o a mi deber de soldado revolucionario. Tenía delante de mí una mochila llena de medicamentos y una caja de balas, las dos eran mucho peso para transportarlas juntas; tomé la caja de balas, dejando la mochila ..." (English: "Perhaps this was the first time I was confronted with the real-life dilemma of having to choose between my devotion to medicine and my duty as a revolutionary soldier. Lying at my feet were a knapsack full of medicine and a box of ammunition. They were too heavy for me to carry both of them. I grabbed the box of ammunition, leaving the medicine behind ...".) First published in an article in ''Verde Olivo'', La Habana, Cuba, February 26 1961 . Subsequently published in the book, Guevara, Ernesto Che. ''Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria'', La Habana, Cuba: 1963, Ediciones Unión. Note_label|Children|›|none}} Children: With Hilda Gadea (married 8 August 1955; divorced 22 May 1959) : one daughter, Hilda Beatriz Guevara Gadea, born 15 February 1956 in Mexico City; died 21 Aug 1995 in Havana, Cuba With Aleida March (married 2 June 1959):
With Lidia Rosa López (extramarital): one son, Omar Pérez, born 19 March 1964 in Havana, Cuba Note_label|INRA|›|none}} INRA: appointed Director of the Industrialization Department of the National Institute for Agrarian Reform on October 7 1959 Note_label|Camp|›|none}} Camp: The purchase of the acreage in the Ñancahuazú region was in direct contravention of Guevara's directive that the land for the camp should be purchased in the Alto Beni region. When presented with the ''fait accompli'' that the Bolivian Communists had acquired land in the Ñancahuazú region instead, he at first complained but eventually decided to utilize it in order not to lose time while waiting for them to purchase a parcel in the Alto Beni. Note_label|Message|›|none}} Message: For example, on August 31 1967 Che wrote in his diary "''Hay mensaje de Manila pero no se pudo copiar.''", i.e. "There is a (coded radio) message from Manila ('Manila' being the code name for Havana) but we couldn't copy it." The content of this message has not been revealed, but it may have been of critical importance since by then Castro and the other Cubans who were directing the guerrillas' support network from Havana had to be aware of their dire straits. Note_label|Barrientos|›|none}} Barrientos: Although Barrientos never revealed his motives for ordering the summary execution of Guevara, some of his associates have suggested that he took this decision primarily in order to avoid the spectacle of a "show trial" that would have brought unwelcome international attention to Bolivia, and that he was also concerned that, had Guevara been sentenced to a lengthy term in a Bolivian prison, he might have escaped or eventually been released (as in Fidel Castro's case), and subsequently resumed his guerrilla activities. Note_label|Amputation|›|none}} Amputation: Castañeda, Jorge G., ''Che Guevara: Compañero'', New York: 1998, Random House, pp. xiii - xiv; pp. 401-402. Guevara's amputated hands, preserved in formaldehyde, turned up in the possession of Fidel Castro a few months later. Castro reportedly wanted to put them on public display but was dissuaded from doing so by the vehement protests of members of Guevara's family. Note_label|Mausoleum|›|none}} Mausoleum: On . Guevara wrote to Castro in which he stated that he was leaving Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution and renounced all his posts and Cuban citizenship. References Printed matter
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