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The Book of Enoch is a title given to several works that are attributed to Enoch , the great-grandfather of Noah ; that is, Enoch son of Jared ( Genesis 5:18). There are also three other biblical Enochs: the son of Cain (Gen. 4:17), the son of Midian (Gen. 25:4), and the son of Reuben (Gen. 46:9; Ex. 6:14). The last two are transcribed "Hanoch" in the modern translations. Most commonly, the phrase Book of Enoch refers to '''1 Enoch''', which survives completely only in the Ethiopic language as far as we know. There are also 2 other books called '''Enoch''', '''''' (surviving in Hebrew , c. 5th-6th century {Link without Title} .) The numbering of these texts has been applied by scholars to distinguish the texts from one another. The remainder of this article deals with 1 Enoch only. Though many scholars consider the books of 1 Enoch to be Pseudepigraphal , various groups, including the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Essenes , regard parts or all of 1 Enoch to be inspired Scripture. The currently known texts of this work are usually dated to Maccabean times (ca. 160s BC ). HISTORY The book consists of five quite distinct sections:
According to the some scholars, these five sections were originally quite independent works, and were only later Redacted together. A great deal of the undercurrent to the narrative of the sections was claimed to be concerned with the era of the Maccabees and it is for that reason that these scholars date the sections as having originated during or after the 2nd century BC. 1 Enoch 6-11, part of the ''Book of Watchers'', is thought to have been the original core of that Book, around which the remainder was later added, not least because Enoch is not mentioned in it. The ''Book of Parables'' appears to be based on the ''Book of Watchers'', but presenting a later development of the idea of final judgement - rather than being a final judgement of the fallen angels, the ''Book of Parables'' instead presents a final judgement of earthly kings. The ''Book of Parables'' contains several references to a '' Son Of Man '', as well as messianic themes, and has only been found in Christian editions of 1 Enoch, so several academics have taken the view that this section dates from more Christian times. However, since the term was also just a Jewish way of saying ''human'', and since the final chapters of the section appear to identify Enoch himself as the ''Son of Man'' in question, the work may be earlier, and a number of academics have proposed that the ''Book of Parables'' may be as early as the late 1st century BC. The ''Book of Dreams'' contains a ''vision'' of a history of Israel all the way down to the revolt of the Maccabees, leading scholars to date it to Maccabean times. Jazef. T. Milik has suggested that the " Book Of Giants " found amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls should be part of the collection, appearing after the Book of Watchers. However, there is no evidence for this to support his opinion. CANONICITY The Greek Language text was known to and quoted by nearly all Church Father s. There was some dispute about whether the Greek text was an original Christian production or whether it was a translation from an Aramaic text; the chief argument for a Christian author was the occurrence of references to the Messiah as the Son Of Man . The Ethiopian Church considers the Ethiopic version to be the original, since it is the only complete version, while the other languages only have different fragments of it. Despite this, the majority of western scholars now claim a 3rd Century BC Jewish authorship for its earliest parts, considering that a few Aramaic texts of Enoch were discovered at Qumran among the Dead Sea Scrolls . Before the Qumran discovery, the scholars had been unwilling to date it any earlier than the next earliest known reference. The book is referred to, and quoted, in ): :And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these {Link without Title} , saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, To execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him. Compare this with Enoch 1:9, translated from the Ethiopian: :And behold! He cometh with ten thousands of His holy ones To execute judgement upon all, And to destroy all the ungodly: And to convict all flesh Of all the works of their ungodliness which they have ungodly committed, And of all the hard things which ungodly sinners have spoken against Him. A number of the Church Fathers thought it to be an authentic work, particularly Justin Martyr , Irenaeus , Origen , Clement Of Alexandria and Tertullian , based on its quotation in Jude. However, some later Fathers denied the canonicity of the book and some even considered the letter of Jude uncanonical because it refers to an "apocryphal" work (Cf. Gerome, Catal. Script. Eccles. 4.). After being struck from the Hebrew Scriptures by the Sanhedrin at Yavneh c. 90 AD , the book was discredited after the (Christian) Council Of Laodicea in 364 ; subsequently the Greek text was lost. Some excerpts are given by the 8th Century monk George Syncellus in his chronography, which are published in Dillmann's translation, pp. 82-86. In the 9th century it is listed as an Apocryphon of the New Testament by Patriarch Nicephorus Cf. Niceph. (ed. Dindorf), I. 787. REDISCOVERY Outside of , Irenaeus , Origen and Clement Of Alexandria . Hiob Ludolf , the great Ethiopic scholar of the 17th and 18th centuries, soon proved it to be a forgery produced by Abba Bahaila Michael (Ludolf, "Commentarius in Hist. Aethip." P. 347). Better success was achieved by the famous Scottish traveller James Bruce , who in 1773 returned to Europe from six years in Abyssinia with three copies of a Ge'ez version (Bruce, Travels, vol 2, page 422). One is preserved in the Bodleian Library , another was presented to the royal library of France (the nucleus of the Bibliothèque Nationale ), the third was kept by Bruce. The copies remained unused until the 1800s, Silvestre de Sacy, in ''"Notices ur le lire d' Enoch"'' in the Magazin Encyclopédique, an vi. tome I. P. 382 included extracts of the books with latin translations (Enoch chap 1,2,5-16,22,32). From this a German translation was made by Rink in 1801. The first translation of the Bodleian/Ethiopic MS was published in 1821 by Professor Richard Laurence, afterwards archbishop of Cashel. Titled ''"The Book of Enoch, the prophet: an apocryphal production, supposed to have been lost for ages; but discovered at the close of the last century in Abyssinia; now first translated from an Ethiopic MS in the Bodleian Library. Oxford, 1821."''. With a second edition being released in 1833 and a third edition in 1838. Laurence in 1838 also released an edited Ethiopic text named ''"Libri Enoch Prophetae Versio Aethiopica"''. The text divided into 105 chapters was even then considered unreliable as was published in ''"The severe judgement on Laurence by Dillmann, Das Buch Henoch, p lvii"''. Professor A. G. Hoffmann released a translation in 1833 based on this work called ''"Das Buch Henoch in vollständiger Uebersetxung, mit fortlaugendem Commentar, ausführlicher Einleitung und erläuternden Excursen"'' but due to the use at least in part of Laurence's later work there where a number of mistakes that are prevalent. Two other translations came out around the same time one in 1836 called ''"Enoch Retitutus, or an Attempt"'' (Rev Edward Murray) and in 1840 ''"Prophetae veteres Pseudepigraphi, partim ex Abyssinico vel Hebraico sermonibus Latine bersi"'' (Gfrörer). However both are considered to be poor - the 1836 translation most of all and is discussed in Hoffmann, Zweiter Excurs, pages 917-965. The first reliable edition appeared in 1851 as ''"Liber Henoch, Aethiopice, ad quinque codicum fidem editus, cum variis lectionibus"'' which is based on the Ethiopic text edited by A. Dillmann, with a accurate translation of the book with reliable notes released in 1853 titled ''"Das Buch Henoch, übersetzt und erklärt"'' which was considered an impeccable edition until the 1900's. A famous edition was published in 1912 by the famous R.H. Charles. European scholars and academics consider the Ethiopic version to be translated from Greek which was in turn translated from the Aramaic (possibly Hebrew for chapters 37-71). This is vehemently disputed by Ethiopian scholars and clergy, who insist that, since the only complete text of Enoch to surface so far is in Ethiopic, whereas the Aramaic and Greek copies exist only in separate and incomplete fragments, it proves their claim that this was the original language written by Enoch himself. In the Ethiopian Orthodox view, the following opening sentence of Enoch is the first and oldest sentence written in any human language, since Enoch was the first to write letters: : : :"Word of blessing of Henok, wherewith he blessed the chosen and righteous who would be alive in the day of tribulation for the removal of all wrongdoers and backsliders." :(''To see the Ge'ez font above, you need to have GF Zemen True Type font in your computer's font folder'') In the early period of Ethiopian literature, before the introduction of Arabic influence, there was considerable translation activity of much Greek literature into Ge'ez by Ethiopian theologians. Because of this, there are many texts for which both the Ge'ez translation and the Greek original are known; however, in this case, the language and thought of Ge'ez Enoch are thoroughly Semitic, and show no indication of having been transmitted through Greek. Since Bruce's discovery, an Old Church Slavonic translation has been identified, Greek fragments (En. 89:42–49, ''Codex Vaticanus Cod. Gr.'' 1809) as well as two separate fragments of a Latin translation. Fragments of Papyri containing parts of the Greek version were recovered by a French archeological team at Akhmim and published five years later in 1892 . Seven fragments from the ''Book of Enoch'' in . They were translated and talked about by Jazef. T. Milik and Matthew. Black in ''The Books of Enoch, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976''. With a more modern translation being released by Vermes and Garcia-Martinez (Vermes 513-515; Garcia- Martinez 246-259). Milik described them as being white or cream in color, blankened in areas, made of leather which was smooth, thick and stiff. It was also partly damaged with the ink blurred and faint. The individual finds are:
As well as the above find, a number of Greek versions of 1 Enoch were found in Qumran Cave 7 by Muro, Ernest A. Jr . They are chapter 103:3-4 in 7Q4, 7Q12 and Chapter 103:7-8 in 7Q8. These where written on Papyrus with lines of a grid written on them, they are much smaller than those discovered in Cave 4. Influence from the book has been traced in the Hiberno-Latin poem ''Altus prosator''. CONTENT The Book of Enoch describes the fall of the Watchers who fathered the Nephilim . The Fallen Angel s then went to Enoch to intercede on their behalf with God. The remainder of the book describes Enoch's visit to Heaven in the form of a Vision , and his revelations. The book contains descriptions of the movement of heavenly bodies (in connection with Enoch's trip to Heaven), and some parts of the book have been speculated about as containing instructions for the construction of a solar Declinometer (the Uriel's Machine theory). The Book of the Watchers Dated: Believed to be 2nd Century BCE to texts that are known to exist I-V. Parable of Enoch on the Future Lot of the Wicked and the Righteous. VI-XI. The Fall of the Angels: the Demoralization of Mankind: the Intercession of the Angels on behalf of Mankind. The Dooms pronounced by God on the Angels of the Messianic Kingdom. XII-XVI. Dream-Vision of Enoch: his Intercession for Azâzêl and the fallen angels: and his Announcement of their first and final Doom. XVII-XXXVI. Enoch's Journeys through the Earth and Sheol.
This introduction to the Book of Enoch tells us who Enoch is, "''a just man, whose eyes were opened by God so that he saw vision of the Holy One in the heavens, which the sons of God showed to me, and from them I heard everything, and I knew what I saw, but things that I saw will not to pass for this generaion, but for a generation that has yet to come.''" It discusses God coming to Earth on Mount Sinai with his hosts to pass judgement on mankind. It also tells us about the Luminaries rising and setting in the order and in their own time and never change. "''Observe and see how (in the winter) all the trees seem as though they had withered and shed all their leaves, except fourteen trees, which do not lose their foliage but retain the old foliage from two to three years till the new comes.''" How all things are ordained by God and take place in his own time. The sinners shall perish and the great and the good shall live on in light, joy and peace. "''And all His works go on thus from year to year for ever, and all the tasks which they accomplish for Him, and their tasks change not, but according as God hath ordained so is it done.''" It depicts the interaction of the fallen angels with mankind; Sêmîazâz compels the other 199 fallen angels to take human wives to "''beget us children''". "''And Semjâzâ, who was their leader, said unto them: 'I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin.' And they all answered him and said: 'Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing.'. Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon , and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it.''" The names of the leaders are given: "''And these are the names of their leaders: Sêmîazâz, their leader, Arâkîba, Râmêêl, Kôkabîêl, Tâmîêl, Râmîêl, Dânêl, Êzêqêêl, Barâqîjâl, Asâêl, Armârôs, Batârêl, Anânêl, Zaqîêl, Samsâpêêl, Satarêl, Tûrêl, Jômjâêl, Sariêl. These are their chiefs of tens.''" This results in the creation of the Nephilim ( Genesis ) or Anakim/Anak (Giants) as they are described in the book: "''And they became pregnant, and they bare great giants, whose height was three thousand ells'' Ethiopian text gives 300 Cubits (135 meters), which is probably a corruption of 30 cubits (13.5 meters) '': Who consumed all the acquisitions of men. And when men could no longer sustain them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind. And they began to sin against birds, and beasts, and reptiles, and fish, and to devour one another's flesh, and drink the blood.''" It also discusses the teaching of humans by the fallen angels chiefly Azâzêl : "''And Azâzêl taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals of the earth and the art of working them, and bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of antimony, and the beautifying of the eyelids, and all kinds of costly stones, and all colouring tinctures. And there arose much godlessness, and they committed fornication, and they were led astray, and became corrupt in all their ways. Semjâzâ taught enchantments, and root-cuttings, Armârôs the resolving of enchantments, Barâqîjâl, taught astrology, Kôkabêl the constellations, Ezêqêêl the knowledge of the clouds, Araqiêl the signs of the earth, Shamsiêl the signs of the sun, and Sariêl the course of the moon.''" Michael , Uriel , Raphael , and Gabriel appeal to God to judge the inhabitants of the world and the fallen angels. Uriel is then sent by God to tell Noah of the coming Apocalypse and what he needs to do. "''Then said the Most High, the Holy and Great One spoke, and sent Uriel to the son of Lamech, and said to him: Go to Noah and tell him in my name "Hide thyself!" and reveal to him the end that is approaching: that the whole earth will be destroyed, and a deluge is about to come upon the whole earth, and will destroy all that is on it. And now instruct him that he may escape and his seed may be preserved for all the generations of the world.''" God commands Raphael to imprison Azâzêl: "''the Lord said to Raphael: 'Bind Azâzêl hand and foot, and cast him into the darkness: and make an opening in the desert, which is in Dûdâêl (Gods Kettle/Crucible/Cauldron), and cast him therein. And place upon him rough and jagged rocks, and cover him with darkness, and let him abide there for ever, and cover his face that he may not see light. And on the day of the great judgement he shall be cast into the fire. And heal the earth which the angels have corrupted, and proclaim the healing of the earth, that they may heal the plague, and that all the children of men may not perish through all the secret things that the Watchers have disclosed and have taught their sons. And the whole earth has been corrupted through the works that were taught by Azâzêl: to him ascribe all sin.''" God gave Gabriel instructions concerning the Nephilim and the inprisonment of the fallen angels: "''And to Gabriel said the Lord: 'Proceed against the biters and the reprobates, and against the children of fornication: and destroy children of fornication and the children of the Watchers from amongst men cause them to go forth : send them one against the other that they may destroy each other in battle''" Some suggest that 'biters' should read 'bastards' but the name is so unusual that some believe that the implication that's made by the reading of 'biters' is more or less correct. The biters may also be the Anunnaki . The Lord commands Michael to bind the fallen angels. "''And the Lord said unto Michael: 'Go, bind Semjâzâ and his associates who have united themselves with women so as to have defiled themselves with them in all their uncleanness. 12. And when their sons have slain one another, and they have seen the destruction of their beloved ones, bind them fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, till the day of their judgement and of their consummation, till the judgement that is for ever and ever is consummated. 13. In those days they shall be led off to the abyss of fire: 〈and〉 to the torment and the prison in which they shall be confined for ever. And whosoever shall be condemned and destroyed will from thenceforth be bound together with them to the end of all generations.''" Book of Parables Dated : presumed by many scholars to be written during 1st Century BCE XXXVIII-XLIV. The First Parable.
XLV-LVII. The Second Parable.
LVIII-LXXI. The Third Parable.
The Book of the Heavenly Luminaries Dated: presumed by some scholars to have been written in 200 BCE to 100 BCE
This section uses the same calendar as that described in the Book of Jubilees and that used by the Dead Sea sect. For a great in detail description of the information of the Enoch calendar try going to Enoch Calendar Testifies of Christ by John P. Pratt The Dream Visions Dated: presumed to by some scholars, but not all, to have been written in 140 BCE to 37 BCE LXXXIII-LXXXIV. First Dream-Vision on the Deluge. LXXXV-XC. Second Dream-Vision of Enoch: the History of the World to the Founding of the Messianic Kingdom.
One of several hypothetical reconstructions of the meanings in the dream is as follows based on the works of R. H. Charles and G. H. Schodde:
: :Noah Section
This book contains history pertaining to the last assault of Gentiles and does have history of the Messianic period but many propose it is likely written in the early Hasmonean period (140 BCE to 37 BCE) after the date the Book Of Daniel was written. There are a great many links between the first book and this one including the outline of the story and the imprisonment of the leaders and destruction of the Nephilim. The dream includes sections relating to the book of Watchers: "''And those seventy shepherds were judged and found guilty, and they were cast into that fiery abyss. And I saw at that time how a like abyss was opened in the midst of the earth, full of fire, and they brought those blinded sheep.''" - The fall of the evil ones "''And all the oxen feared them and were affrighted at them, and began to bite with their teeth and to devour, and to gore with their horns. And they began, moreover, to devour those oxen; and behold all the children of the earth began to tremble and quake before them and to flee from them.''" - The creation of the Nephilim et al. 86:4, 87:3, 88:2, and 89:6 all describe the types of Nephilim that are created during the times described in The Book of Watchers though this doesn't mean that the authors of both books are the same. Similar references exist in Jubilees (7:21-22). The book describes their release from the Arc along with three bulls white, red and black which are Shem, Japheth, and Ham in 90:9. It also covers the death of Noah described as the white bull and the creation of many nations: "''And they began to bring forth beasts of the field and birds, so that there arose different genera: lions, tigers, wolves, dogs, hyenas, wild boars, foxes, squirrels, swine, falcons, vultures, kites, eagles, and ravens''" 90:10 It then describes the story of Moses and Aaron (90:13-15) including the miracle of the river splitting in two for them to pass, and the creation of the stone commandments. Eventually arriving at a "''pleasant and glorious land''" (90:40) where attacked by dogs (Philistines), foxes (Ammonites, Moabites) and wild boars (Esau). "''44. And that sheep whose eyes were opened saw that ram, which was amongst the sheep, till it †forsook its glory† and began to butt those sheep, and trampled upon them, and behaved itself unseemly. 45. And the Lord of the sheep sent the lamb to another lamb and raised it to being a ram and leader of the sheep instead of that ram which had †forsaken its glory†.''" - David replacing Saul as leader of Israel The creation of the prophet, In 1 Kings 17:2-24 he is fed by 'ravens' so if Kings uses a similar analogy he may have been fed by the Seleucids. "''saw the Lord of the sheep how He wrought much slaughter amongst them in their herds until those sheep invited that slaughter and betrayed His place.''" This describes the various tribes of Israel 'inviting' in other nations 'betraying his place' i.e. the land promised to their ancestors by God. This part of the book can be taken to be the kingdom splitting into the northern and southern tribes. That is Israel and Judah eventually leading to Israel falling to the Assyrians in 721 BCE and Judah falling to the Babylonians a little over a century later 597 BCE . "''55. And He gave them over into the hands of the lions and tigers, and wolves and hyenas, and into the hand of the foxes, and to all the wild beasts, and those wild beasts began to tear in pieces those sheep.''" - God abandons Israel for they have abandoned him. There is also mention in fifty nine of seventy shepherds with their own seasons; there seems to be some debate on the meaning of this section some suggesting that its a reference to the 70 appointed times in 25:11, 9:2, 1:12 KJV. Another interpretation is the seventy weeks in Daniel 9:24. However the general interpretation is that these are simply Angels. This section of the book and later near the end describes the appointment by God of the 70 angels to protect the Israelites from enduring too much harm from the 'beasts and birds'. The later section (110:14) describes how the 70 angels are judged for causing more harm to Israel than he desired finding them guilty and are "''cast into an abyss, full of fire and flaming, and full of pillars of fire.''" "''66. And the lions and tigers eat and devoured the greater part of those sheep, and the wild boars eat along with them; and they burnt that tower and demolished that house.''" The sacking of Solomon's temple and the tabernacle in Jerusalem by the Babylonians as they take Judah in 587 BCE / 586 BCE exiling the remaining Jews. "''72. And forthwith I saw how the shepherds pastured for twelve hours, and behold three of those sheep turned back and came and entered and began to build up all that had fallen down of that house;''" "''Cyrus allowed Sheshbazzar , a prince from the tribe of Judah, to bring the Jews from Babylon back to Jerusalem. Jews were allowed to return with the Temple vessels that the Babylonians had taken. Construction of the Second Temple began.''" - History Of Ancient Israel And Judah the temple is finished being built in 515 BCE . The first part of this next section of the book clearly described the Maccabean revolt of 167 BCE against the Seleucids . The following two quotes have been altered from their original form to make the meanings of the animal names clear. "''And I saw in the vision how the flew upon those [faithful and took one of those lambs, and dashed the sheep in pieces and devoured them. And I saw till horns grew upon those lambs, and the cast down their horns; and I saw till there sprouted a great horn of one of those [faithful , and their eyes were opened. And it looked at them and their eyes opened, and it cried to the sheep, and the rams saw it and all ran to it. And notwithstanding all this those and vultures and [Seleucids and still kept tearing the sheep and swooping down upon them and devouring them: still the sheep remained silent, but the rams lamented and cried out. And those [Seleucids fought and battled with it and sought to lay low its horn, but they had no power over it.''" 109:8-12 "''All the and vultures and [Seleucids and [Ptolemies] were gathered together, and there came with them all the sheep of the field, yea, they all came together, and helped each other to break that horn of the ram.''" 110:16 The first sentence is most likely the death of High Priest Oniass III who is murdered which is described in 2 Macc 3, 33-35 (Dies aprox 171 BCE ). The 'great horn' clearly isn't Mattathias the initiator of the rebellion as he dies a natural death as described in 1 Maccabees 2 49. It's also not Alexander the Great as the great horn is described as a warrior who has fought the Macedonians, Seleucids and Ptolemies. Judas Maccabeus ( 167 BCE - 160 BCE ) has fought all three of these, with a large number of winning battles against the Seleucids over a large period of time "''they had no power over it''". He is also described as "''one great horn among six others on the head of a lamb''" possibly pertaining to his five brothers and Mattathias. If you take this in context of the history from Maccabeus time Dillman Chrest Aethiop says verse 13 can find its explanation in: 1 Maccabees iii 7; vi. 52; v. 2 Maccabees vi. 8 sqq., 13, 14 1 Maccabees vii 41, 42 2 Maccabees x v, 8 sqq. The evidence does seem to suggest that this is in fact the life and times of Judas Maccabeus. He is eventually killed by the Seleucids at the Battle of Elasa where he faced "''twenty thousand foot soldiers and two thousand cavalry''". At one time it was believed this passage possibly belonged to John Hyrcanus the only reason for this was the time between Alexander the Great and John Maccabeus was too short. However the large amount of evidence has led to the belief that this section does indeed discuss Maccabeus. It then describes "''And I saw till a great sword was given to the sheep, and the sheep proceeded against all the beasts of the field to slay them, and all the beasts and the birds of the heaven fled before their face.''" This might be simply the "power of God", God was with them to avenge the death. It may also be perhaps Jonathan Apphus taking over command of the rebels to battle on after Judas death. Other possible appearances are John Hyrcanus ( Hyrcanus I ) (Hasmonean dynasty) "''And all that had been destroyed and dispersed, and all the beasts of the field, and all the birds of the heaven, assembled in that house, and the Lord of the sheep rejoiced with great joy because they were all good and had returned to His house.''" Possibly describing Johns reign a time of great peace and prosperity. Scholors also say Alexander Jannaeus of Judaea is included in this book. The end of the book describes the new Jerusalem culminating in the birth of a Messiah : "''37. And I saw that a white bull was born, with large horns and all the beasts of the field and all the birds of the air feared him and made petition to him all the time. 38. And I saw till all their generations were transformed, and they all became white bulls; and the first among them became a lamb, and that lamb became a great animal and had great black horns on its head; and the Lord of the sheep rejoiced over it and over all the oxen.''" The Epistle of Enoch Dated: some scholars propose a date somewhere between the 1st Century BCE to 170 BCE XCII, XCI.1-10, 18-19. Enoch's Book of Admonition for his Children.
This section contains a text called the " Apocalypse Of Weeks " which some scholars believe to have been written at about 167 BCE . A better title could be "the Instruction of Enoch" considering that these chapters aren't written in the form of a letter. It can be found at 93:1-10 and 91:11-17. No parts of chapters 37-71 were found in Qumran where many of the oldest copies of the Books of Enoch where located. This once lead many experts (Lucke (1832), Hofman (1852), Wiesse (1856), Phillippe (1868) and J.T. Milik (1950)) to believe that those chapters where written in the 2 Century 'AD' by a Jewish Chirstian to enhance Christian beliefs with Enochs authoritive name. However James H. Charlesworth in his book "The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament" says: "''It became obvious that Milik had not proved his position, as Fitzmyer pointed out as soon as The Book of Enoch had been published. Repeatedly the specialists on I Enoch have come out in favor of the Jewish nature and its first century C.E. origin, and probable pre-70 date. The list of specialists on I Enoch arguing for this position has become overwhelmingly impressive: Issac, Nickelsburg, Stone, Knibb, Anderson, Black, VanderKam, Greenfield and Sutter. The consensus communis is unparalleled in almost any other area of research; no specialists now argues that I Enoch 37-71 is a Christian and postdates the first century.''" Page 89. Chapter 105 some suppose that it may be a Christian additiona and 108 many believe to be a later addition. MISCELLANEOUS Names of the Fallen Angels Some of the fallen angels that are given in the following list have other names; such as Rameel ('morning of God'), who becomes Azazel ('arrogant towards God') who is also called Gadriel ('wall of God') in Chapter 69. Another example is that Araqiel ('Earth of God') becomes Aretstikapha ('world of distortion') in Chapter 69. These are the names of the 20 leaders of the Watchers as listed in the translation of the Greek and Ethiopion texts. The suffix of the names 'el' means 'God' ( List Of Names Referring To El ) which is used in the names of high ranking angels. The Archangels all include this such as Uriel (Flame of God) or Michael "he who is like God" or "likened unto God". The following name is found in very few translations but most text don't include it:
This name really shouldn't be counted in the list because scholars would generally agree that the 20 names that are listed above or variations of those names were the only ones that were originally included; in the list in section 2 of the Book of Watchers. Whoever posted this name from should post a link to the text that has it below. Ahiah ''The Legends of the Jews'' by Rabbi Louis Ginzberg describes Ahiah as the son of the fallen angel Semjâzâ. Notes The quotes that are found on this article were taken from a revised form of Archbishop R.H. Charles' translation. This version includes the Ethiopic the Greek preserved In Syncellus which consists of two separate forms, and the Greek Version discovered at Akhmîm which is stored at Gizeh Museum, Cairo. The link is below in the External Links List. If you include a quote from a later edition that you consider to be of better quality, such as Charlesworth, please list where it comes from here and if possible the source materials used. REFERENCES
SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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