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An Middle Indo-Aryan innovation introduced between 600 and 1000 AD is serial verb contructions that have been retained in modern north Indian languages such as Hindi. For example भाग जा (bhāg jā) 'run go' means run away, पका ले (pakā le) 'cook take' means to cook for oneself, and पका दे (pakā de) 'cook give' means to cook for someone. The second verb restricts the meaning of the main verb or adds a shade of meaning to it.Shapiro, ''Hindi.''

Apabhramsha is a term used as a cover term for the dialects forming the transition between late Middle Indo-Aryan and early Modern Indo-Aryan languages.Shapiro, ''Hindi.''(e.g. Brij Bhasha ).

REFERENCES

  • Shapiro, Michael C. ''Hindi.'' Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.