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AMBER (an Acronym for '''Assisted Model Building and Energy Refinement''') is a family of Force Field s for Molecular Dynamics of Biomolecules originally developed by the late Peter Kollman 's group at the University Of California, San Francisco . AMBER is also the name for the molecular dynamics simulation Package that implements these force fields. Further development of both the Force Fields and Software are now coordinated by David A. Case at The Scripps Research Institute .

FORCE FIELD

The term "AMBER Force Field " generally refers to the functional form used by the family of AMBER Force Field s. This form includes a number of parameters; each member of the family of AMBER force fields provides values for these parameters and has its own name.

Functional form

The functional form of the AMBER Force Field is

V(r^N)=\sum_{bonds} rac{1}{2} k_b (l-l_0)^2 + \sum_{angles} rac{1}{2} k_a (	heta - 	heta_0)^2

$+ \sum_{torsions} rac{1}{2} V_n \omega- \gamma)$
$+\sum_{j=1} ^{N-1} \sum_{i=j+1} ^N \left\{4\epsilon_{i,j}\left[\left(rac{\sigma_{ij}}{r_{ij}}
ight)^{12} - \left(rac{\sigma_{ij}}{r_{ij}}
ight)^6
ight]+ rac{q_iq_j}{4\pi \epsilon_0 r_{ij}^2}
ight\}$

Note that despite the term Force Field , this equation defines the potential energy of the system; the force is the derivative of this potential with respect to position.

The meanings of right hand side Term s are:

First term ( Sum ming over bonds): represents the energy between covalently bonded atoms. This harmonic (ideal spring) force is a good approximation near the equilibrium bond length, but becomes increasingly poor as atoms separate.

Second term (summing over angles): represents the energy due to the geometry of electron orbitals involved in covalent bonding.

Third term (summing over torsions): represents the energy for twisting a bond due to bond order (e.g. double bonds) and neighboring bonds or lone pairs of electrons. Note that a single bond may have more than one of these terms, such that the total torsional energy is expressed as a Fourier Series .

Fourth term (double summation over $i$ and $j$ ): represents the non-bonded energy between all atom pairs, which can be decomposed into van der Waals (first term of summation) and Electrostatic (second term of summation) energies. The form of the electrostatic energy used here assumes that the charges due to the protons and electrons in an atom can be represented by a single point charge. (Or in the case of parameter sets that employ lone pairs, a small number of point charges.)

Parameter sets

To use the AMBER Force Field , it is necessary to have values for the parameters of the Force Field (e.g. force constants, equilibrium bond lengths and angles, charges). A fairly large number of these parameter sets exist, and are described in detail in the AMBER software user manual. Each parameter set has a name, and provides parameters for certain types of molecules.

Peptide, protein and nucleic acid parameters are provided by parameter sets with names beginning with "ff" and containing a two digit year number, for instance "ff99".

GAFF (Generalized AMBER force field) provides parameters for small organic molecules to facilitate simulations of drugs and small molecule ligands in conjunction with biomolecules.

The GLYCAM force fields have been developed by Rob Woods for simulating carbohydrates.

SOFTWARE

The AMBER software suite provides a set of programs for applying the AMBER forcefields to simluations of biomolecules. It is written in Fortran 90 and C with support for most major Unix-like systems and Compilers . Development is conducted by a loose association of mostly academic labs. New versions are generally released in March of even numbered years; AMBER 8 was released in March 2004. The software is available under a site-license agreement, which includes full source, currently priced at US$400 for non-commercial and US$20,000 for commercial organizations.

Programs

LEaP is used for preparing input files for the simluation programs

Antechamber automates the process of parameterizing small organic molecules using GAFF

sander is the central simulation program and provides facilities for energy minimization and molecular dynamics with a wide variety of options

pmemd is a somewhat more feature-limited reimplementation of sander by Bob Duke. It was designed with parallel processing in mind and has significantly better performance than sander when running on more than 8-16 processors

nmode calculates normal modes

ptraj provides facilities for numerical analysis of simulation results. AMBER does not include visualization capabilities; visualization is commonly performed with VMD

MM-PBSA allows for implicit solvent calculations on snap shots from molecular dynamics simulations

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