Information AboutAlbania |
|
| native_name = ''Republika e Shqipërisë'' | conventional_long_name = Republic of Albania | common_name = Albania | image_flag = Flag of Albania.svg | image_coat = Albania state emblem.png|150px | image_map = LocationAlbania.png | national_motto = "Free and Strong" | national_anthem = '' Hymni I Flamurit '' ("Hymn to the Flag") | official_languages = Albanian | capital = Tiranë | latd = 41 | latm = 20 | latNS = N | longd = 19 | longm = 48 | longEW = E | largest_city = Tiranë | government_type = emerging Democracy | leader_titles = • President • Prime Minister | leader_names = • Alfred Moisiu • Sali Berisha | area_rank = 139th | area_magnitude = 1 E10 | area = 28 748 | areami&2 = 11,100 | percent_water = 4.7 | population_estimate = 3,581,655 | population_estimate_year = July 2006 | population_estimate_rank = 126 | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density = 123 | population_densitymi&2 = 318.6 | population_density_rank = 63 | GDP_PPP_year = 2003 | GDP_PPP = $15.7 billion | GDP_PPP_rank = 112th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,900 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 105th | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.780 | HDI_rank = 72nd | HDI_category = medium | sovereignty_type = Independence | established_events = | established_dates = From Ottoman Empire November 28 , 1912 | currency = Lek | currency_code = ALL | country_code = al | time_zone = CET | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = CEST | utc_offset_DST = +2 | cctld = .al | calling_code = 355 | footnotes = }} Albania ( ) is a Mediterranean country in Southeastern Europe . It is bordered by Serbia & Montenegro in the north, the Republic Of Macedonia in the east, and Greece in the south; it has a coast on the Adriatic Sea in the west, and a coast on the Ionian Sea in the southwest. The country is an emerging Democracy and is formally named the '''Republic of Albania'''. History ''Main articles: Illyria , Illyricum , Dalmatia , History Of Albania .'' The earlier inhabitants were probably part of the population that occupied the coastline of most parts of the Mediterranean. Their physical remains are scarce though, and concentrated on the coastal region. Soon, these first inhabitants were overrun by the Proto-Hellenic tribes that gradually occupied modern-day Greece, southern parts of what is now the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the south of present-day Albania. This process was completed over the second millennium BCE and did not really affect northern or central Albania, an area that at the time presented the image of a political vacuum (in essence a historical paradox). ]] Historians do not agree over the origin of the in southern Albania, the kingdom of Macedon , and the kingdom of Paionia . Roman and Byzantine Rule After being conquered by the Roman Empire , Illyria was reorganized as a Roman province, Illyricum , later divided into the provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia , the lands comprising Albania mostly being included in Dalmatia . Later, the Byzantine Empire governed the region. It was also ruled by the Bulgarian and Serbian Empire . Ottoman Rule . Skanderbeg is considered the national hero of Albania]] In the middle ages, the name ''Albania'' (see '' Origin And History Of The Name Albania '') began to be increasingly applied to the region now comprising the nation of Albania. From 1443 to 1468 Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeu led a successful resistance against the invading Ottomans . After the death of Skenderbeg , resistance continued until 1478 , although with only moderate success. The loyalties and alliances created and nurtured by Skenderbeg faltered and fell apart, and the Ottomans conquered the territory of Albania shortly after the fall of the Castle Kruje . Albania then became part of the Ottoman Empire . Following this, many Albanians fled to neighboring Italy mostly Calabria, and the majority of the '''Albanian''' population that remained converted to Islam . They would remain a part of the Ottoman Empire until 1912 . Effects of the Balkan Wars After the Second Balkan War , the Ottomans were removed from Albania and there was a possibility of the lands being absorbed by Serbia , and the southern tip by Greece . This decision angered the Italians who did not want Serbia to have an extended coastline, and it angered the Germans who wanted to build a railway to reach the Orient. Germany then held discussions with Russia and with Greece . Eventually, it was decided that the country should not be divided but instead consolidated into the Principality of Albania under a German Prince , William Of Wied . When the German Prince was expelled by the Albanian people after 6 months as the "King of Albania", Great Britain , France , and Italy , as members the League Of Nations , wanted to divide the territory once and for all. Intervention by United States Of America President Woodrow Wilson vetoed the vote and allowed Albania to retain its status. From 1928 , the country was ruled by King Zog I . World War II and Enver Hoxha Rule Italy invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and took control of the country; meeting little resistance. Albanian communists and nationalists actively fought a partisan war against the Italian and German invasions in World War II . Certain smaller organizations helped the foreign invaders, but it was the Communists who took over after World War II. In November 1944 the communists gained control of the government under the leader of the resistance, Enver Hoxha . From 1945 until 1990 Albania had one of the most repressive governments in Europe . The Communist Party was created in November 8th 1941 with the help of Bolshevik Communist Parties. For the many decades under his domination, Hoxha created and destroyed relationships with Belgrade, Moscow, and Beijing, always in his personal interests. The country was isolated, first from the West (Western Europe, North America and Australasia) and later even from the communist East. The Fall of Communism and Democratic Albania In 1985, Enver Hoxha died and had appeared in the Soviet Union with new policies ( Glasnost and Perestroika ). The Albanian totalitarian regime was under pressure from the US , Europe, and the anger and despair of its own people. After Nicolae Ceauşescu (the communist leader of Romania ) was executed in a revolution, Alia knew he would be next if changes were not made. He signed the Helsinki Agreement (which was signed by other countries in 1975) that respected some Human Rights . He also allowed Pluralism , and even though his party won the election of 1991 it was clear that the change would not be stopped. In 1992 the general elections were won by the Democratic Party with 62% of the votes. In the general elections of June, 1996 the Democratic Party tried to win an absolute majority and manipulated the results. In 1997 an epidemic of Pyramid Schemes sent shockwaves through the entire country's economy, such as it was, and riots started. Police stations and military bases were looted of millions of Kalashnikov s and other weapons and smuggled to the KLA in Kosovo . Anarchy prevailed, and many cities were controlled by militia and less-organized armed citizens. Even US military advisors left the country for their own safety. In response to the anarchy, the Socialist Party won the early elections of 1997 . However, stability was far from being restored in the years after the 1997 riots. The power feuds raging inside the Socialist Party led to a series of short-lived Socialist governments. The country was flooded with refugees from neighboring Kosovo in 1998 and 1999 . In June, 2002, a compromise candidate, Alfred Moisiu, a former general and defense minister, was elected to succeed President Meidani. Parliamentary elections in July, 2005 , brought back to power Sali Berisha, Leader of the Democratic Party, mostly owing to Socialist infighting and a series of corruption scandals plaguing the Nano government. Since 1990 Albania has been diplomatically oriented towards the West - it was accepted to the Council of Europe and has requested membership in NATO . The work-force of Albania has continued to emigrate to Greece, Italy,Germany and other parts of Europe, and North America. Geography ''Main article: Geography Of Albania '' Albania consists of mostly Hill y and Mountain ous terrain, the highest mountain, Korab in the district of Dibra reaching up to 2,753 metres (9,032 Ft ). The country mostly has a continental Climate , with cold Winter s and hot Summer s. Besides the capital city of Tirana , with 800,000 inhabitants, the principal cities are Durrës , Elbasan , Shkodër , Gjirokastër , Vlorë , Korçë and Kukës . In Albanian grammar a word can have indefinite and definite forms, and this also applies to city names: so both Tiranë and Tirana, Shkodër and Shkodra are used. Demographics ''Main article: Demographics Of Albania '' Most of the population is ethnically Albanian (95% according to the , large numbers of Albanians have emigrated, both legally and illegally, to Greece and Italy . in central Tirana]] The dominant language is Albanian , although Greek is also spoken by the Greek minority in the southern regions of the country. At the height of the Ottoman occupation, the majority of Albanians were mostly Muslim (70%), even though religion was prohibited during the communist era. The Albanian government proclaimed Albania the only officially atheistic country in the world. After the fall of the Communist Regime in 1989-1990 religions were reinstated. According to 1939 statistics, the Albanian Orthodox (20%) and Catholic Church (10%) would be the other main religions in Albania. Religious fanaticism has never been a serious problem, with people from different religions living in peace and even getting married although this was not considered to be an optimal solution. 20% of the total Muslim population is Bektashi , people who follow a faith originating in the Turkish migrations into Turkey, and came to Albania through the Ottoman Janissaries . Politics ''Main article:'' Politics Of Albania Politics of Albania take place in a framework of a Parliamentary Representative Democratic Republic , whereby the Prime Minister is the Head Of Government , and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive Power is exercised by the government. Legislative Power is vested in both the Government and parliament, the Assembly Of The Republic Of Albania (''Kuvendi i Republikës së Shqipërisë''). Since 1991, the introduction of pluralism, the party system is dominated by the conservative Democratic Party Of Albania and the socialist (post-communist) Socialist Party Of Albania . Administrative divisions ''Main articles: Districts Of Albania and Counties Of Albania '' Albania is divided into 12 ''qark'' (county or prefecture), which are further divided into 36 ''rrethe'' (districts). The capital city, Tiranë, has a special status. The districts are: See also: List Of Cities In Albania (''Note: some cities have the same name as the district they are in''). Economy ''Main article: Economy Of Albania '' In Albania, half of the economically-active population still engaged in Agriculture and a fifth works abroad. Albania's coastline on the Ionian Sea, especially near the Greek tourist island of Corfu , is becoming increasingly popular with tourists due to its relatively unspoilt nature and great beaches. However, the tourist industry is still in its infancy but is growing rapidly. Growth was strong 2003-05 and inflation is not a problem. GDP(purchasing power parity): 18.05 billion Note: Albania has a large gray economy that may be as large as 50% of official GDP. (2005 est.) GDP (official exchange rate): 8.741 billion (2005 est.) GDP (real growth rate): 6% (2005 est.) GDP- composition by sector: agriculture: 23.6% industry: 20.5% services: 55.9% (2005 est.) Exports: 708 million f.o.b. (2005 est.) Imports: 2.473 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) External Debt: 1.41 billion (2003 est.) Defence Expenditure: (n/a) Children in Labour Force: 1 % of children aged 10-14 work Miscellaneous topics
External links
Official government websites
|