Information AboutWastewater |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT WASTEWATER | |
| chemical engineering | |
| environmental engineering | |
| aquatic ecology | |
| sewerage | |
| water pollution | |
| waste | |
| technical terminology | |
| SHOPPER'S DELIGHT | |
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Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. In the most common usage, it refers to the municipal wastewater that contains a broad spectrum of contaminants resulting from the mixing of wastewaters from different sources. Sewage is the subset of wastewater that is contaminated with faeces. WASTEWATER TYPES Industrial
Surface Runoff
Domestic drainage
WASTEWATER QUALITY INDICATORS Wastewater quality indicators such as the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) are tests that measures the oxygen demand of a Wastewater . The oxygen demand of a wastewater is in turn a measure of whether or not that wastewater will have a significant adverse effect upon fish or upon aquatic plant life. Any Oxidizable material present in a natural waterway or in an industrial wastewater will be oxidized both by Biochemical (bacterial) or chemical processes. The result is that the oxygen content of the water will be decreased. Basically, the reaction for biochemical oxidation may be written as: :Oxidizable material + bacteria + nutrient + O2 → CO2 + H2O + oxidized Inorganics such as NO3− or SO42− Oxygen consumption by reducing chemicals such as sulfides and nitrites is typified as follows: :S2− + 2 O2 → SO42− :NO2− + ½ O2 → NO3− Since all natural waterways contain bacteria and nutrient, almost any waste compounds introduced into such waterways will initiate biochemical reactions (such as shown above). Those biochemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the Biochemical or Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). Oxidizable chemicals (such as reducing chemicals) introduced into a natural water will similarly initiate chemical reactions (such as shown above). Those chemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of the relative oxygen-depletion effect of a waste contaminant. Both have been widely adopted as a measure of pollution effect. The BOD test measures the oxygen demand of Biodegradable pollutants whereas the COD test measures the oxygen demand of biogradable pollutants plus the oxygen demand of non-biodegradable oxidizable pollutants. The so-called 5-day BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by biochemical oxidation of waste contaminants in a 5-day period. The total amount of oxygen consumed when the biochemical reaction is allowed to proceed to completion is called the Ultimate BOD. The Ultimate BOD is too time consuming, so the 5-day BOD has almost universally been adopted as a measure of relative pollution effect. There are also many different COD tests. Perhaps, the most common is the 4-hour COD. It should be emphasized that there is no generalized correlation between the 5-day BOD and the Ultimate BOD. Likewise, there is no generalized correlation between BOD and COD. It is possible to develop such correlations for a specific waste contaminant in a specific wastewater stream ... but such correlations cannot be generalized for use with any other waste contaminants or wastewater streams. The laboratory test procedures for the determining the above oxygen demands are detailed in the following sections of the "Standard Methods For the Examination Of Water and Wastewater" available at www.standardmethods.org :
TREATMENT There are numerous processes that can be used to clean up waste waters depending on the type and extent of contamination. Most wastewater is treated in industrial-scale Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) which may include physical, chemical and biological treatment processes. However, the use of Septic Tank s is widespread in rural areas, serving up to one quarter of the homes in the U.S. The most important aerobic treatment system is the activated sludge process, based on the maintenance and recirculation of a complex biomass composed by micro-organisms able to degrade the organic matter carried in the wastewater. Anaerobic processes are widely applied in the treatment of industrial wastewaters and biological sludge. Some wastewater may be highly treated and reused as Reclaimed Water . For some waste waters Ecological approaches using Reed bed systems such as Constructed Wetlands may be appropriate. Modern systems include tertiary treatment by micro filtration or synthetic membranes. After membrane filtration, the treated wastewater is indistinguishable from waters of natural origin of drinking quality. Nitrate s can be removed from wastewater by microbial Denitrification , for which a small amount of Methanol is typically added to provide the bacteria with a source of carbon. Ozone Waste Water Treatment is also growing in popularity, and requires the use of an ozone generator (See: http://www.biozone.com/ozone_generators.html ), which decontaminates the water as Ozone bubbles percolate through the tank. REUSE Treated wastewater can be reused as drinking water (Singapore), in industry (cooling towers), in artificial recharge of aquifers, in agriculture (70% of Israel's irrigated agriculture is based on highly purified wastewater) and in the rehabilitation of natural ecosystems (Florida's Everglades). FURTHER READING |