| Urinalysis |
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Information AboutUrinalysis |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT URINALYSIS | |
| nephrology | |
| urine tests | |
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Medical urinalysis A typical medical urinalysis usually includes:
Microscopic examination The number and types of Cell s and/or debris present can yield a great detail of information and may suggest a specific diagnosis.
Forensic urine drug screening Drug Test ing uses urinalysis to test for certain Chemical s which are typically present in the urine only after Recreational Drug Use . These tests must be requested specifically or as part of a Toxicology screen, and are not part of a routine urinalysis. Such tests are sometimes even requested for employment reasons, whereby a certain organization seeks to avoid hiring people using certain drugs, either for safety reasons (as in the case when a person is employed to operate dangerous machinery) or for legal and public relations reasons, as several common types of drug use are officially forbidden in much of the world. This controversial practice is not always legal and an employer can legally not discriminate against someone solely on the basis that he refuses a drug test. More often, these tests are performed at the behest of the legal system--by a Police or Probation officer, by Court Order , or as part of a court-ordered Drug Treatment program. Ethical and Moral concerns have been raised concerning the propriety of forbidding individuals to use recreational drugs in their free time, when not actually working, by testing for any drug use at all within a long time frame (the Hair may be tested for drug residue that is months or years old); and for opening the possibility of other tests (such as a pregnancy test) being performed without the person's knowledge or consent. Sports teams frequently check for barred muscle-building drugs such as Anabolic Steroids via urinalysis, and various schools and parents have drug tested their children to check for illegal drug use, particularly Marijuana smoking in Teenager s. This has lead to concerns over the civil rights of the people tested, quite often in circumstances where a refusal to provide a sample will lead to a presumption that the test would have proved positive. This denies the test subjects' their right to avoid self-incrimination and in many cases in school, their right to education as the refusal to provide a sample can lead to exclusion and expulsion from school. "U.A." is sometimes used as a shorthand way of referring to urinalysis, especially among people who have to take the test frequently, such as participants in a drug treatment program. Problems With Urine Testing Because it is important to be certain that the sample of urine provided, is actually produced by the person being tested, it is necessary to verify that and this is often achieved by requiring direct observation of the production of the sample. It is becoming increasingly evident that there is a problem with this, because a significant number of individuals experience a physochological problem called Paruresis , where, against the will of the sufferer, the ability to urinate is physically over-ridden by the nervous system, in circumstances, which include lack of privacy. A growing number of organisations are catering for this in various ways as are desribed in the article on Paruresis . SEE ALSO
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