is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.]]
| |
Marx, J L title=New disease baffles medical community
|
| |
Science year=1982 pages=618-621 volume=217 issue=4560 id=
|
|
HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a or
Vaginal )
Sex ;
Blood Transfusion ; contaminated needles; exchange between mother and infant during
Pregnancy ,
Childbirth , or
Breastfeeding ; or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
| |
Gao, F, Bailes, E, Robertson, D L, Chen, Y, Rodenburg, C M, Michael, S F, Cummins, L B, Arthur, L O, Peeters, M, Shaw, G M, Sharp, P M and Hahn, B H
|
| |
Origin of HIV-1 in the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes
|
| |
Nature year=1999 pages=436-441 volume=397 issue=6718 id=
|
|
| |
UNAIDS publisher= year= 2005
|
| |
http://wwwunaidsorg/Epi2005/doc/EPIupdate2005_pdf_en/epi-update2005_enpdf
|
| |
AIDS epidemic update, 2005 accessdate=2006-01-17
|
| |
UNAIDS publisher= year= 2005
|
| |
http://wwwunaidsorg/Epi2005/doc/EPIupdate2005_pdf_en/epi-update2005_enpdf
|
| |
AIDS epidemic update, 2005 accessdate=2006-01-17
|
| |
Palella, F J Jr, Delaney, K M, Moorman, A C, Loveless, M O, Fuhrer, J, Satten, G A, Aschman and D J, Holmberg, S D
|
| |
Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection HIV Outpatient Study Investigators
|
| |
N Engl J Med year=1998 pages=853-860 volume=338 issue=13 id=
|
of HIV-1 budding from cultured
Lymphocyte .]]
AIDS is the most severe manifestation of infection with HIV. HIV is a
Retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human
Immune System such as CD4+
T Cell s,
Macrophage s and
Dendritic Cell s. It directly and indirectly destroys
CD4+ T Cell s. As CD4+ T cells are required for the proper functioning of the immune system, when HIV kills CD4+ T cells so that there are less than 200 CD4+ T cells per µl blood,
Cellular Immunity is lost, leading to AIDS. Acute HIV infection progresses over time to clinical latent HIV infection and then to early symptomatic HIV infection and later, to AIDS, which is identified on the basis of the amount of CD4+ T cells in the blood and the presence of certain infections.
| |
Morgan, D, Mahe, C, Mayanja, B, Okongo, J M, Lubega, R and Whitworth, J A
|
| |
HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries
|
| |
AIDS year=2002 pages=597-632 volume=16 issue=4 id=
|
|
| |
Clerici, M, Balotta, C, Meroni, L, Ferrario, E, Riva, C, Trabattoni, D, Ridolfo, A, Villa, M, Shearer, GM, Moroni, M and Galli, M
|
| |
Type 1 cytokine production and low prevalence of viral isolation correlate with long-term non progression in HIV infection
|
| |
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses year=1996 pages=1053-1061 volume=12 issue=11
|
| |
Morgan, D, Mahe, C, Mayanja, B and Whitworth, J A
|
| |
Progression to symptomatic disease in people infected with HIV-1 in rural Uganda: prospective cohort study
|
| |
BMJ year=2002 pages=193-196 volume=324 issue=7331
|
| |
Morgan, D, Mahe, C, Mayanja, B, Okongo, J M, Lubega, R and Whitworth, J A
|
| |
HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries
|
| |
AIDS year=2002 pages=597-632 volume=16 issue=4
|
| |
Gendelman, H E, Phelps, W, Feigenbaum, L, Ostrove, J M, Adachi, A, Howley, P M, Khoury, G, Ginsberg, H S and Martin, M A
|
| |
Transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences by DNA viruses
|
| |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A year=1986 pages=9759-9763 volume=83 issue=24
|
| |
Bentwich, Z, Kalinkovich, A and Weisman, Z
|
| |
Immune activation is a dominant factor in the pathogenesis of African AIDS
|
| |
Immunol Today year=1995 pages=187-191 volume=16 issue=4
|
| |
Tang, J and Kaslow, R A
|
| |
The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
|
| |
AIDS year=2003 pages=S51-S60 volume=17 issue=Suppl 4
|
| |
Quiñones-Mateu, M E, Mas, A, Lain de Lera, T, Soriano, V, Alcami, J, Lederman, M M and Domingo, E
|
| |
LTR and tat variability of HIV-1 isolates from patients with divergent rates of disease progression
|
| |
Virus Research year=1998 pages=11-20 volume=57 issue=1
|
| |
Campbell, G R, Pasquier, E, Watkins, J, Bourgarel-Rey, V, Peyrot, V, Esquieu, D, Barbier, P, de Mareuil, J, Braguer, D, Kaleebu, P, Yirrell, D L and Loret E P
|
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The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis
|
| |
J Biol Chem year=2004 pages=48197-48204 volume=279 issue=46
|
| |
Kaleebu P, French N, Mahe C, Yirrell D, Watera C, Lyagoba F, Nakiyingi J, Rutebemberwa A, Morgan D, Weber J, Gilks C, Whitworth J title=Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda journal=J Infect Dis year=2002 pages=1244-1250 volume=185 issue=9
|
Since
June 18 ,
1981 , many definitions have been developed for epidemiological surveillance such as the
Bangui Definition and the
1994 Expanded World Health Organization AIDS Case Definition . However, clinical staging of patients was not an intended use for these systems as they are neither sensitive nor specific. In developing countries, the
World Health Organization s (WHO) staging system for HIV infection and disease, using clinical and laboratory data, is used and in developed countries, the
Centers For Disease Control (CDC) Classification System is used.
See Also: WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease
| |
World Health Organization
|
| |
Interim proposal for a WHO staging system for HIV infection and disease
|
| |
WHO Wkly Epidem Rec year=1990 pages=221-228 volume=65 issue=29
|
|
: ''Stage I:'' HIV disease is asymptomatic and not categorized as AIDS
: ''Stage II:'' include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections
: ''Stage III:'' includes unexplained chronic diarrhoea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections and pulmonary tuberculosis
: ''Stage IV'' includes
Toxoplasmosis of the brain,
Candidiasis of the oesophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs and
Kaposi's Sarcoma ; these diseases are indicators of AIDS.
See Also: CDC Classification System for HIV Infection
| |
CDC publisher=CDC year=1992
|
| |
http://wwwcdcgov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871htm
|
| |
1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults
|
| |
2006-02-09
|
|
See Also: HIV test
Approximately half of those infected with HIV do not know their HIV status until their AIDS diagnosis with a HIV test. The screening of donor blood and blood products used in medicine and medical research is by this test. Typical HIV tests, including the HIV enzyme immunoassay and the Western blot assay, detect HIV antibodies in serum, plasma, oral fluid, dried blood spot or urine of patients. Commercially available tests to detect other HIV antigens, HIV-RNA, and HIV-DNA in order to detect HIV infection prior to the development of detectable antibodies are available. However, for the diagnosis of HIV infection these assays are not specifically approved, but are nonetheless routinely used in developed countries.
| |
Holmes, C B, Losina, E, Walensky, R P, Yazdanpanah, Y, Freedberg, K A
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Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa
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Clin Infect Dis year=2003 pages=656-662 volume=36 issue=5
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Guss, D A
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The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 1
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J Emerg Med year=1994 pages=375-384 volume=12 issue=3
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Guss, D A
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The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 2
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J Emerg Med year=1994 pages=491-497 volume=12 issue=4
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Schneider, M F, Gange, S J, Williams, C M, Anastos, K, Greenblatt, R M, Kingsley, L, Detels, R, and Munoz, A
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Patterns of the hazard of death after AIDS through the evolution of antiretroviral therapy: 1984-2004
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AIDS year=2005 pages=2009-2018 volume=19 issue=17
|
| |
Morgan, D, Mahe, C, Mayanja, B, Okongo, J M, Lubega, R and Whitworth, J A
|
| |
HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries
|
| |
AIDS year=2002 pages=597-632 volume=16 issue=4
|
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Lawn, S D
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AIDS in Africa: the impact of coinfections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection
|
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J Infect Dis year=2004 pages=1-12 volume=48 issue=1
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Clerici, M, Balotta, C, Meroni, L, Ferrario, E, Riva, C, Trabattoni, D, Ridolfo, A, Villa, M, Shearer, GM, Moroni, M and Galli, M
|
| |
Type 1 cytokine production and low prevalence of viral isolation correlate with long-term non progression in HIV infection
|
| |
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses year=1996 pages=1053-1061 volume=12 issue=11
|
|
| |
Morgan, D, Mahe, C, Mayanja, B and Whitworth, J A
|
| |
Progression to symptomatic disease in people infected with HIV-1 in rural Uganda: prospective cohort study
|
| |
BMJ year=2002 pages=193-196 volume=324 issue=7331
|
| |
Tang, J and Kaslow, R A
|
| |
The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
|
| |
AIDS year=2003 pages=S51-S60 volume=17 issue=Suppl 4
|
| |
Morgan, D, Mahe, C, Mayanja, B, Okongo, J M, Lubega, R and Whitworth, J A
|
| |
HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries
|
| |
AIDS year=2002 pages=597-632 volume=16 issue=4
|
| |
Lawn, S D
|
| |
AIDS in Africa: the impact of coinfections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection
|
| |
J Infect Dis year=2004 pages=1-12 volume=48 issue=1
|
| |
Campbell, G R, Pasquier, E, Watkins, J, Bourgarel-Rey, V, Peyrot, V, Esquieu, D, Barbier, P, de Mareuil, J, Braguer, D, Kaleebu, P, Yirrell, D L and Loret E P
|
| |
The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis
|
| |
J Biol Chem year=2004 pages=48197-48204 volume=279 issue=46
|
| |
Campbell, G R, Watkins, J D, Esquieu, D, Pasquier, E, Loret, E P and Spector, S A
|
| |
The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells
|
| |
J Biol Chem year=2005 pages=38376-39382 volume=280 issue=46
|
| |
Senkaali, D, Muwonge, R, Morgan, D, Yirrell, D, Whitworth, J and Kaleebu, P
|
| |
The relationship between HIV type 1 disease progression and V3 serotype in a rural Ugandan cohort
|
| |
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses year=2005 pages=932-937 volume=20 issue=9
|
| |
Feldman, C
|
| |
Pneumonia associated with HIV infection
|
| |
Curr Opin Infect Dis year=2005 pages=165-170 volume=18 issue=2
|
|
| |
Decker, C F and Lazarus, A
|
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Tuberculosis and HIV infection How to safely treat both disorders concurrently
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Postgrad Med year=2000 pages=57-60, 65-68 volume=108 issue=2
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Zaidi, S A and Cervia, J S
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Diagnosis and management of infectious esophagitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection
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J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) year=2002 pages=53-62 volume=1 issue=2
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Guerrant, R L, Hughes, J M, Lima, N L, Crane, J
|
| |
Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies
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Rev Infect Dis year=1990 pages=S41-S50 volume=12 issue=Suppl 1
|
|
| |
Luft, B J and Chua, A
|
| |
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis in HIV Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy
|
| |
Curr Infect Dis Rep year=2000 pages=358-362 volume=2 issue=4
|
|
| |
Sadler, M and Nelson, M R
|
| |
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV
|
| |
Int J STD AIDS year=1997 pages=351-357 volume=8 issue=6
|
|
| |
Gray, F, Adle-Biassette, H, Chrétien, F, Lorin de la Grandmaison, G, Force, G, Keohane, C
|
| |
Neuropathology and neurodegeneration in human immunodeficiency virus infection Pathogenesis of HIV-induced lesions of the brain, correlations with HIV-associated disorders and modifications according to treatments
|
| |
Clin Neuropathol year=2001 pages=146-155 volume=20 issue=4
|
|
| |
Grant, I, Sacktor, H, and McArthur, J
|
| |
2005
|
| |
The Neurology of AIDS
|
| |
HIV neurocognitive disorders
|
| |
http://wwwhnrcucsdedu/publications_pdf/2005grant1pdf
|
| |
H E Gendelman, I Grant, I Everall, S A Lipton, and S Swindells (ed)
|
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2nd
|
| |
357-373
|
| |
Oxford University Press
|
| |
London, UK
|
| |
ISBN 0198526105
|
| |
Satishchandra, P, Nalini, A, Gourie-Devi, M, Khanna, N, Santosh, V, Ravi, V, Desai, A, Chandramuki, A, Jayakumar, P N, and Shankar, S K
|
| |
Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, south India (1989-96)
|
| |
Indian J Med Res year=2000 pages=14-23 volume=11 issue=
|
| |
Wadia, R S, Pujari, S N, Kothari, S, Udhar, M, Kulkarni, S, Bhagat, S, and Nanivadekar, A
|
| |
Neurological manifestations of HIV disease
|
| |
J Assoc Physicians India year=2001 pages=343-348 volume=49 issue=
|
- Cryptococcal meningitis is an infection of the Meninges (the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) by the fungus '' Cryptococcus neoformans''. It can cause fevers, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Patients may also develop seizures and confusion. If untreated, it can be lethal.
| |
Boshoff, C and Weiss, R
|
| |
AIDS-related malignancies
|
| |
Nat Rev Cancer year=2002 pages=373-382 volume=2 issue=5
|
|
| |
Yarchoan, R, Tosatom G and Littlem R F
|
| |
Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies - the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management
|
| |
Nat Clin Pract Oncol year=2005 pages=406-415 volume=2 issue=8
|
- Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumour in HIV-infected patients. A gammaherpesvirus called Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus (KSHV) causes it. The appearance of this tumour in young gay men in 1981 was one of the first signals of the AIDS epidemic. It often appears as purplish nodules on the skin, but can affect other organs, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs.
- High-grade B cell lymphomas such as Burkitt's Lymphoma , Burkitt's-like lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), including primary central nervous system lymphoma, have substantially increased incidence in HIV-infected patients and often portend a poor prognosis. In some cases these lymphomas are AIDS-defining. Primary Effusion Lymphoma is less common. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) or KSHV cause many of these lymphomas.
- Cervical Cancer in HIV-infected women is considered AIDS-defining. It is caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
| |
Bonnet, F, Lewden, C, May, T, Heripret, L, Jougla, E, Bevilacqua, S, Costagliola, D, Salmon, D, Chene, G and Morlat, P
|
| |
Malignancy-related causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
|
| |
Cancer year=2004 pages=317-324 volume=101 issue=2
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| |
Skoulidis, F, Morgan, M S, and MacLeod, K M
|
| |
Penicillium marneffei: a pathogen on our doorstep
|
| |
J R Soc Med year=2004 pages=394-396 volume=97 issue=2
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|
| |
"width: 100px"'''Exposure Route'''
|
| |
"width: 150px"'''Estimated infections per 10,000 exposures to an infected source'''
|
| |
Donegan, E, Stuart, M, Niland, J C, Sacks, H S, Azen, S P, Dietrich, S L, Faucett, C, Fletcher, M A, Kleinman, S H, Operskalski, E A, et al title=Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations journal=Ann Intern Med year=1990 pages=733-739 volume=113 issue=10
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Coovadia, H title=Antiretroviral agents&mdashhow best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS journal=N Engl J Med year=2004 pages=289-292 volume=351 issue=3 id=
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Kaplan, E H and Heimer, R title=HIV incidence among New Haven needle exchange participants: updated estimates from syringe tracking and testing data journal=J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol year=1995 pages=175-176 volume=10 issue=2
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European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV title=Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples journal=BMJ year=1992 pages=809-813 volume=304 issue=6830 id=
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| |
Varghese, B, Maher, J E, Peterman, T A, Branson, B M and Steketee, R W title=Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use journal=Sex Transm Dis year=2002 pages=38-43 volume=29 issue=1 id=
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|
| |
Bell, D M title=Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in healthcare workers: an overview journal=Am J Med year=1997 pages=9-15 volume=102 issue=5B id=
|
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|
| |
European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV title=Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples journal=BMJ year=1992 pages=809-813 volume=304 issue=6830 id=
|
|
|
| |
Varghese, B, Maher, J E, Peterman, T A, Branson, B M and Steketee, R W title=Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use journal=Sex Transm Dis year=2002 pages=38-43 volume=29 issue=1 id=
|
| |
Leynaert, B, Downs, A M and de Vincenzi, I title=Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: variability of infectivity throughout the course of infection European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV journal=Am J Epidemiol year=1998 pages=88-96 volume=148 issue=1 id=
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| |
European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV title=Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples journal=BMJ year=1992 pages=809-813 volume=304 issue=6830 id=
|
|
|
| |
Varghese, B, Maher, J E, Peterman, T A, Branson, B M and Steketee, R W title=Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use journal=Sex Transm Dis year=2002 pages=38-43 volume=29 issue=1 id=
|
| |
European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV title=Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples journal=BMJ year=1992 pages=809-813 volume=304 issue=6830 id=
|
|
|
| |
Varghese, B, Maher, J E, Peterman, T A, Branson, B M and Steketee, R W title=Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use journal=Sex Transm Dis year=2002 pages=38-43 volume=29 issue=1 id=
|
| |
Varghese, B, Maher, J E, Peterman, T A, Branson, B M and Steketee, R W title=Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use journal=Sex Transm Dis year=2002 pages=38-43 volume=29 issue=1 id=
|
|
|
| |
Varghese, B, Maher, J E, Peterman, T A, Branson, B M and Steketee, R W title=Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use journal=Sex Transm Dis year=2002 pages=38-43 volume=29 issue=1 id=
|
|
|
| |
"#efefef"
|
| |
5 style="border-right:0px" <sup></sup> assuming no condom use </br> <sup>§</sup> Source refers to oral intercourse performed on a man
|
| |
Rothenberg, R B, Scarlett, M, del Rio, C, Reznik, D and O'Daniels, C
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| |
Oral transmission of HIV journal=AIDS year=1998 pages=2095-2105 volume=12 issue=16
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| |
Laga, M, Nzila, N, Goeman, J
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| |
The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa
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AIDS year=1991 pages=S55-S63 volume=5 issue=Suppl 1
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| |
Laga, M, Nzila, N, Goeman, J
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The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa
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| |
AIDS year=1991 pages=S55-S63 volume=5 issue=Suppl 1
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Tovanabutra, S, Robison, V, Wongtrakul, J, Sennum, S, Suriyanon, V, Kingkeow, D, Kawichai, S, Tanan, P, Duerr, A and Nelson, K E
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Male viral load and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 subtype E in northern Thailand
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J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr year=2002 pages=275-283 volume=29 issue=3
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Sagar, M, Lavreys, L, Baeten, J M, Richardson, B A, Mandaliya, K, Ndinya-Achola, J O, Kreiss, J K, and Overbaugh, J
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Identification of modifiable factors that affect the genetic diversity of the transmitted HIV-1 population
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AIDS year=2004 pages=615-619 volume=18 issue=4
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Lavreys, L, Baeten, J M, Martin, H L Jr, Overbaugh, J, Mandaliya, K, Ndinya-Achola, J, and Kreiss, J K
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Hormonal contraception and risk of HIV-1 acquisition: results of a 10-year prospective study
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AIDS year=2004 pages=695-697 volume=18 issue=4
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Cayley, W E Jr
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Effectiveness of condoms in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV
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Am Fam Physician year=2004 pages=1268-1269 volume=70 issue=7
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|
| |
Durex publisher= year=
|
| |
http://wwwdurexcom/cm/assets/SexEdDownloads/Module_5_condomsdoc
|
| |
Module 5/Guidelines for Educators
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| |
2006-04-17
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WHO publisher= year= 2003
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| |
http://wwwwprowhoint/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_200308_Condomshtm
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| |
Condom Facts and Figures
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2006-01-17
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Human Rights Watch publisher=Human Rights Watch year=2002
|
| |
http://wwwhrworg/reports/2002/usa0902/USA0902-04htm
|
| |
Ignorance only: HIV/AIDS, Human rights and federally funded abstinence-only programs in the United States Texas: A case study
|
| |
2006-03-28
|
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| |
The Economist publisher= year=2005
|
| |
http://wwweconomistcom/opinion/displayStorycfmstory_id=4223619
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| |
Too much morality, too little sense
|
| |
2006-03-28
|
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| |
WHO publisher= year=2005
|
| |
http://wwwwhoint/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr32/en/
|
| |
UNAIDS statement on South African trial findings regarding male circumcision and HIV
|
| |
2006-03-28
|
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| |
Various publisher=Kaisernetworkorg year=2005
|
| |
http://wwwkaisernetworkorg/daily_reports/rep_indexcfmDR_ID=31199
|
| |
Repeated Use of Unsterilized Blades in Ritual Circumcision Might Contribute to HIV Spread in S Africa, Doctors Say
|
| |
2006-03-28
|
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Fan, H year = 2005
|
| |
AIDS: science and society chapter = chapterurl =
|
| |
Fan, H, Conner, R F and Villarreal, L P eds
|
| |
4th pages =
|
| |
Jones and Bartlett Publishers
|
| |
Boston, MA
|
| |
ISBN 076370086X
|
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| |
WHO publisher= year= 2003
|
| |
http://64233179104/searchq=cache:adH68_6JGG8J:tokyousembassygov//e/p/tp-20030317a3html+site:tokyousembassygov+HIV+healthcare+injection&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1
|
| |
WHO, UNAIDS Reaffirm HIV as a Sexually Transmitted Disease
|
| |
2006-01-17
|
| |
Physicians for Human Rights publisher=Partners in Health year=2003
|
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http://wwwphrusaorg/campaigns/aids/who_031303html
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Preventing HIV transmission in adolescents: an analysis of the Portuguese data from the Health Behaviour School-aged Children study and focus groups
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HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries
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A Pocket Guide to Adult HIV/AIDS Treatment January 2005 edition
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