1860s

|-
| align="center" | - 19th Century ''' - 20th Century

|-
| align="center" colspan=2 | Decades :

1830s 1840s 1850s - 1860s - 1870s 1880s 1890s
|-
| align="center" colspan=2 | Years:
1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869
|}

Events and trends

Technology

The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869 .

Science

James Clerk Maxwell publishes his Equations that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that Light is a form of Electromagnetic Radiation

Gregor Mendel formulates Mendel's Laws Of Inheritance , the basis for Genetics

Dmitri Mendeleev develops the Periodic Table

War, peace and politics

Italian Unification under King Victor Emmanuel II . Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States ( March 17 , 1861 - September 20 , 1870 ).

American Civil War fought between the remaining United States Of America under President Abraham Lincoln and the self-declared Confederate States Of America under President Jefferson Davis ( April 12 , 1861 - April 9 , 1865 ). Beginning of the Reconstruction era under President Andrew Johnson ( 1865 - 1869 ).

French occupation of Mexico ( 1863 - 1867 ). Replacement of President Of Mexico Benito Juárez ( 1861 - 1863 ) at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte ( 1863 - 1864 ) and then by Emperor Maximilian Of Mexico ( 1864 - 1867 ). Benito Juárez eventually manages to recover his position ( 1867 - 1872 ).

Meiji Restoration in Japan ( 1866 - 1869 ). Tokugawa Yoshinobu , 15th and last of the Tokugawa Shoguns loses control to the Meiji Emperor . A series of reforms follows. The Samurai class fails to survive while the Daimyo turn to Politics .

The Dominion of Canada is created by the British North America Act

President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth , April 15 , 1865 .

Florence Nightingale founds school for nurses in 1860.

Culture and religion

In Catholicism , reaction against Higher Criticism and the liberal movement in Europe

The Football Association is formed in the United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Ireland , paving the way for Association Football to become the world's predominant spectator sport

Bahá'u'lláh declares his station as "One who was made Manifest", in the Garden of Ridván , as foretold by the Báb . Bahá'ís see this as the beginning date of the Bahá'í Faith .

Other

The London Fire Department was established in 1865.

Literature and Arts

Leo Tolstoy publishes War And Peace .

Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures In Wonderland .

World leaders

Emperor Franz Josef ( Austria-Hungary )

Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald ( Canada )

Emperor Napoleon III ( Second French Empire )

King Victor Emmanuel II ( Italy )

Pope Pius IX

Emperor Alexander II ( Russia )

Queen Isabella II ( Spain )

Queen Victoria ( United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Ireland )

Prime Minister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston ( United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Ireland )

Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl Of Derby ( United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Ireland )

Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone ( United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Ireland )

President James Buchanan ( United States )

President Abraham Lincoln ( United States )

President Andrew Johnson ( United States )

Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar Dynasty ( Persia )

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1860s