| Voyeurism |
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Also, the word voyeur can define someone who receives enjoyment from witnessing other people's suffering or misfortune; see Schadenfreude . Actors Make Love. Silk Painting ; China , Qing Dynasty .]] CHARACTERISTICS Voyeuristic practices may take a number of forms but their characteristic feature is that the voyeur does not directly interact with the object of their voyeurism (often unaware that they are being observed), instead observing the act from a distance by peeping through an opening or using aids such as Binoculars , Mirror s, Camera s (including Camera Phone s and Video Camera s), etc. This stimulus sometimes becomes part of a Masturbation fantasy during or after the observation. Some voyeurs derive sexual pleasure from looking up skirts or trousers, known as an Upskirt . This can be accomplished by camera or simply by a chance viewing when a person sits down. Some voyeurs also derive pleasure by looking down shirts and viewing Breasts , particularly when a person is bending over. This is commonly referred to as a Downblouse . When done openly, voyeurism may be tolerated or even appreciated, especially if the person(s) viewed is/are Exhibitionist . However, non-consensual voyeurism is an invasion of Privacy . CRIMINALIZATION In some cultures, voyeurism is considered to be Deviant and even a Sex Crime . In the United Kingdom , non-consensual voyeurism became a criminal offence on May 1 , 2004 , under s67 Sexual Offences Act 2003 . However, some societies tolerate it depending upon the circumstances (e.g., adolescent " Peeping Tom s" and the UK Dogging craze). The stereotypical voyeur is male, although many women also enjoy being voyeurs. In ''R v Turner'' (2006) All ER (D) 95 (Jan) the defendant was the manager of a sports centre who recorded footage of four women taking showers. There was no indication that the footage had been shown to anyone else or distributed in any way. The defendant pleaded guilty at the first opportunity and asked that another offence be taken into consideration. He expressed remorse. The Court Of Appeal confirmed a Sentence of nine months imprisonment to reflect the seriousness of the defendant's abuse of trust and the traumatic effect on the victims. Some institutions, such as gyms and schools, have banned camera phones because of the privacy issues they raise in areas like Changeroom s. Saudi Arabia banned the sale of camera phones nationwide for a period, but reallowed their sale in 2004 . South Korea requires that all camera phones sold in the country make a clearly audible sound whenever a picture is taken. VOYEURISM IN FICTION
SEE ALSO
SEXUAL CRIMINALS
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