United States President

was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii .]]
The President of the United States of America is the Head Of State of the United States . Under the U.S. Constitution , the President is also the Chief Executive of the Federal Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces .

Because of the Superpower status of the United States, the American President is widely considered to be the most powerful person on earth, and is usually one of the world's best-known public figures. The President is sometimes referred to as "the leader of the Free World ," although the usage of this phrase has declined since the end of the Cold War .

The United States was the first nation to create the office of President as the head of state in a modern Republic . Today the office is widely emulated all over the world in nations with a Presidential System of government.

The 43rd and current President of the United States is George W. Bush . He is currently serving his second term.

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED

After the adoption of the Articles Of Confederation in 1781 , the President Of The Continental Congress was renamed to President Of The United States In Congress Assembled . Functionally, the President of the United States in Congress Assembled was quite different from the modern office of the President of the United States; the President of the USiCA was nothing more than the presiding officer of the legislature and was neither a head of government nor head of state. After the Constitutional Convention, the position of the President of the United States in Congress Assembled was dissolved and replaced with the positions of the Speaker Of The United States House Of Representatives and the President Of The United States Senate and President Pro Tempore Of The United States Senate . The executive branch was established, and the office of President of the United States of America was created.

REQUIREMENTS TO HOLD OFFICE

Section One of Article II of the U.S. Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become President. The president must be a Natural-born Citizen of the United States (or a citizen of the United States at the time the U.S. Constitution was adopted), be at least 35 years old, and have been a resident of the United States for 14 years.

The Natural-born Citizenship requirement has been the subject of controversy recently. Some commentators argue that the clause should be repealed because it excludes qualified people based on so-called "technicalities", and fails to appreciate the contributions made by immigrants to American society. Supporters counter that the requirement protects the United States from foreign interference — another country could send an emigrant to the United States and through subterfuge get them elected. Many prominent public officials are barred from the presidency because they are not natural-born citizens (for example, Secretaries of State Henry Kissinger and Madeleine Albright , and Governors Arnold Schwarzenegger of California and Jennifer Granholm of Michigan ), as well as other well-known persons born in other countries who have done great service for the United States ( Bob Hope ). Constitutional amendments are occasionally proposed to remove or modify this requirement, but none has been successful.

The only time recently that the Natural-born Citizenship requirement has been implicated in regard to a presidential candidate was in 1968. That year, Michigan Governor George W. Romney was a candidate for the Republican nomination for president. Romney had been born in Chihuahua, Mexico to American parents. However, Romney's campaign fizzled and the question was never seriously discussed.

ELECTION

See Also: United States presidential election

Presidential elections are held every four years. Presidents are elected indirectly, through the Electoral College . The President and the Vice President are the only two nationally elected officials in the United States. (Legislators are elected on a state-by-state basis; other executive officers and judges are appointed.)

Current system

Refer to the article on the Electoral College .

Campaign

The modern Presidential election process begins with the Primary Elections , during which political parties each select a nominee to unite behind; these nominees in turn select Running Mates to join them on the ticket as the Vice Presidential candidates. The candidates then face off in the general election. The major candidates (in recent times, usually the Democrat and the Republican ) usually participate in Nationally Televised Debates before Election Day and campaign across the country to explain their views and plans to the voters. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning Swing State s through frequent visits and Mass Media advertising drives.

Last election

See Also: United States presidential election, 2004

TERM(S) OF OFFICE

Under the Constitution, the President serves a term of four years. , Ronald Reagan , and Bill Clinton . Incumbent President George W. Bush would become the fourth if he completes his current term in 2009. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term but resigned before completing it.

SUCCESSION

The United States Presidential Line Of Succession is a detailed list of government officials to serve or act as President upon a vacancy in the office due to death, resignation, or removal from office (by Impeachment and conviction). The line of 17 begins with the Vice President and ends with the Secretary Of Veterans Affairs . Legislation to add the Secretary Of Homeland Security to the line of succession is pending in Congress.

The Constitution provided that, if a President were to die, resign, or be removed from office, the "''powers'' and '''''duties'''''" of the office would devolve upon the Vice President, Article II, Section 1 (which seems to imply the position of acting president), and that the Vice President shall "'''''exercise''''' the '''''office''''' of President of the United States," Article I, Section 2 (which seems to imply actual assumption of the presidency itself). People did not agree as to the exact meaning and intention of the text, and whether the Vice President would succeed to the office of President or merely act as President. After the death of William Henry Harrison , however, Vice President John Tyler asserted that he had become the President, not merely Acting President, and this precedent was followed in all subsequent cases.

The 25th Amendment eliminated this ambiguity by confirming the Vice President as first in the order as well as spelling out a process for him to serve as Acting President should the President become disabled. A provision of the United States Code (), known as the Presidential Succession Act Of 1947 , establishes the rest of the succession line.

To date, no officer other than the Vice President has been called upon to act as President.

POWERS

See Also: Powers of the President of the United States

The President, according to the Constitution, must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." To carry out this responsibility, the president presides over the executive branch of the federal government; a vast organization of about 4 million people, including 1 million active-duty military personnel. A President-elect will make as many as 6,000 appointments to government positions, including appointments to the Federal Judiciary . The Senate must consent to all judicial appointments as well as the appointments of all principal officers. The President may veto laws made by the United States Congress but cannot personally initiate laws. Congress can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority in both houses. He is Commander in Chief of the armed forces and may make treaties, but the Senate must confirm these. The political scientist Richard Neustadt said, "Presidential power is the power to persuade and the power to persuade is the ability to bargain". He was commenting on the fact that the President's domestically constitutional power is limited, despite the modern expectation of Presidents to have a legislative program, and successful bargaining with Congress is usually essential to Presidential success.

PRESIDENTIAL SALARY AND BENEFITS

Salary

The First U.S. Congress voted to pay George Washington a salary of $25,000 a year (about $270,000 in 2005 terms) — a significant sum in 1789 . Washington, already a successful man, refused to accept his salary. Similarly, John F. Kennedy donated his salary to charities.

Traditionally, the President is the highest-paid government employee. Consequently, the President's salary serves as a traditional cap for all other federal officials, such as the Chief Justice . A raise for 2001 was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 because other officials who receive annual cost-of-living increases had salaries approaching the President's. Consequently, to raise the salaries of the other federal employees, the President's salary had to be raised as well. The President's monetary compensation is miniscule in comparison to the CEOs of most Fortune 500 companies; in some parts of the United States some medical specialists (such as cardiovascular surgeons) will earn comparable salaries.

In recent times former presidents, while they remain healthy, earn far more money after the end of their presidential term; Forbes magazine estimated Bill Clinton , despite health problems that prevented him working for some part of the year, earned $6 million in 2005 {Link without Title} .

Travelling

While traveling, the President is able to conduct all the functions of the office aboard two custom-built Boeing 747 aircraft popularly known as Air Force One . However, this is not the actual name of the plane as any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the President will use the Call Sign "Air Force One." In addition to Air Force One, the President also utilizes a United States Marine Corps helicopter, most often to carry him from the White House to Air Force One. When the President boards this helicopter or any other Marine Corps aircraft, the aircraft uses the call sign " Marine One ". (Previously, an Army aircraft dubbed " Army One " was also used. " Navy One " and " Coast Guard One " are the call signs used if the President is aboard an aircraft belonging to those two services—for instance, when President George W. Bush landed aboard the USS ''Abraham Lincoln'' in a Navy jet. " Executive One " would be used if the President flew aboard a civilian aircraft.

The President also utilizes a Motorcade , in which the President himself rides in the Presidential Limousine .

Secret Service

The President and his family are always protected by a Secret Service detail. Until 1997, all former Presidents and their families were protected by the Secret Service until the President's death. The last President to have lifetime Secret Service protection is Bill Clinton; George W. Bush and all subsequent Presidents will be protected by the Secret Service for a maximum of 10 years after leaving office.

OFFICE-HOLDERS

See Also: List of Presidents of the United States

See Also: President of the Continental Congress

See Also: Gallery of Presidents of the United States

TIMELINE OF PRESIDENTIAL BIRTHS

William Henry Harrison , born February 9 , 1773 in British colonial territory, was the last person to become president who was not a Natural-born U.S. citizen.

Martin Van Buren , born December 5 , 1782 , was the first president born after the Declaration Of Independence and was thus arguably the first Natural-born U.S. citizen (rather than a British Subject ) to become president. Interestingly, he is also the first president not of Anglo-Celtic origin.

John Tyler , born March 29 , 1790 , was the first president born after the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. All presidents born before him were eligible to be president because they were citizens at the time the Constitution was adopted. ( Zachary Taylor was born on November 24 , 1784 , before the Constitution was adopted).

Franklin Pierce , born November 23 , 1804 , was the first president born in the 19th Century . ( Millard Fillmore was born January 7 , 1800 , the last year of the 18th century.)

Warren G. Harding , born November 2 , 1865 , was the first president born after the American Civil War . Robert E. Lee surrendered April 9 , 1865 .

John F. Kennedy , born May 29 , 1917 , was the first person born in the 20th century to become president (1961).

--- Kennedy's successor, Lyndon B. Johnson , was born on August 27 , 1908 . Three other Presidents who followed Johnson in office were also born before Kennedy (in order of birth, Reagan , Nixon , and Ford ).

Jimmy Carter , born October 1 , 1924 , was the first person born after World War I to become president. He was also the first President to be born in a hospital.

Bill Clinton , born August 19 , 1946 , was the first President born after World War II , thus making him the first Baby Boomer President.

LIFE AFTER THE PRESIDENCY

, George H. W. Bush , Ronald Reagan , Jimmy Carter , Gerald Ford , and their wives at the funeral of President Richard Nixon on April 27 , 1994 .]]
Presidents continue to enjoy benefits after leaving office such as free mailing privileges, free office space, the right to hold a Diplomatic Passport and budgets for office help and staff assistance. However, it was not until after Harry S. Truman (1958) that Presidents received a pension after they left office. Additionally, since the presidency of Herbert Hoover, Presidents receive funding from the National Archives And Records Administration upon leaving office to establish their own Presidential Library . These are not traditional libraries, but rather repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, and other historical materials for each President since Herbert Hoover.

After a president of the U.S. leaves office, the title "President" continues to be applied to that person for the rest of his life. Former presidents continue to be important national figures, and in some cases go on to successful post-presidential careers. Notable examples have included William Howard Taft 's tenure as Chief Justice Of The United States , Herbert Hoover 's work on government reorganization after World War II, Jimmy Carter 's current career as a global Human Rights campaigner and best-selling writer, and most recently George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton 's combined effort to appeal for donations from Americans after the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Andrew Johnson was elected to the same Senate that tried his impeachment after his term was over. Furthermore, John Quincy Adams enjoyed a prosperous career in the House of Representatives after his term in the White House.

As of 2006, there are four living former presidents: Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton . The most recently deceased President is Ronald Reagan , who died June 5 , 2004 .

There have never been more than five former presidents alive at any given time in American history. There have been three periods during which five former presidents were alive:

From March 4 , 1861 to January 18 , 1862 , Martin Van Buren , John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , and James Buchanan were living (during the Lincoln Administration , until the death of Tyler).

From January 20 , 1993 to April 22 , 1994 , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush were living (during the Clinton Administration , until the death of Nixon).

From January 20 , 2001 to June 5 , 2004 , Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton were living (during the G.W. Bush Administration , until the Death Of Reagan ).

There have been six periods in American history during which no former presidents were alive:

April 30 , 1789 – March 3 , 1797 : until the first President left office, there could be no former presidents, alive or otherwise.

until incumbent President John Adams left office (no former president would die until Adams and his successor, Thomas Jefferson , both did so on July 4 1826 ).

until incumbent President Ulysses Grant left office (no former president would die until Grant did so in 1885 although incumbent President James Garfield was assassinated in 1881 ).

until incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt left office (no former president would die until Roosevelt did so in 1919 ).

until incumbent President Herbert Hoover left office (no former president would die until Hoover did so in 1964 although incumbent President Franklin Roosevelt died in office in 1945 and incumbent President John F. Kennedy Was Assassinated in 1963).

until incumbent President Richard Nixon resigned (no former president would die until Nixon did so in 1994).

Herbert Hoover had the longest post-presidency, 31 years. He left office in 1933 and died in 1964. Still alive today is Gerald Ford , who has been an former president for 29 years, as of 2006. James K. Polk had the shortest post-presidency. He died on June 15 , 1849 , a mere three months after the expiration of his term.

Between the birth of George Washington in 1732 and the birth of Bill Clinton in 1946, future presidents have been born in every decade except two: the 1810s and the 1930s. Between the death of George Washington in 1799 and the present, presidents or former presidents have died in every decade except four: the 1800s, 1810s, 1950s, and 1980s.

--- Abraham Lincoln in 1865 by John Wilkes Booth

--- James Garfield in 1881 by Charles J. Guiteau (Guiteau shot him but Garfield arguably died due to subsequent inept medical care)

--- William McKinley in 1901 by Leon Czolgosz

--- John F. Kennedy in 1963 , generally thought to be by Lee Harvey Oswald although many theories suggest other or additional gunmen [http://www.archives.gov/research_room/jfk/house_select_committee/committee_report_gunmen.html

Assassination attempts have been made on nine other U.S Presidents while in office:

--- Andrew Jackson in 1835 by Richard Lawrence

--- Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 by John F. Schrank

--- Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933 by Giuseppe Zangara

--- Harry S. Truman in 1951 by Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo

--- Richard Nixon , in 1974 by Samuel Byck

--- Gerald Ford in 1975 by Lynette Fromme and Sara Jane Moore

--- Ronald Reagan in 1981 by John Hinckley, Jr.

--- Bill Clinton in 1994 by Francisco Durran

--- George W. Bush in 2005 by Vladimir Arutiunian

Four others died in office of natural causes:

--- William Henry Harrison , died of Pneumonia in 1841

--- Zachary Taylor , died of "acute Indigestion " in 1850. Taylor's body was exhumed in 1991 to test if he had died of Arsenic Poisoning . It was determined he did not.

--- Warren G. Harding , died of Heart Attack in 1923

--- Franklin D. Roosevelt , died of Cerebral Hemorrhage in 1945

Every U.S. President from William Henry Harrison to John F. Kennedy who was elected or re-elected in a year Divisible by 20 died in office, many by Assassination . Ronald Reagan (elected in 1980) survived an attempt on his life and George W. Bush (elected in 2000) has so far sustained no similar event. This string is commonly labeled Tecumseh's Curse .

---1840: William Henry Harrison , died of Pneumonia in 1841

---1860: Abraham Lincoln , assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865

---1880: James Garfield , assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau in 1881

---1900: William McKinley , assassinated by Leon Czolgosz in 1901

-- Theodore Roosevelt , who was McKinley's Vice President and succeeded him in 1901, was shot by John Shrank in an Assassination Attempt in 1912

---1920: Warren G. Harding , died of a heart attack in 1923

---1940: Franklin D. Roosevelt , died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1945

---1960: John F. Kennedy , assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963

One President resigned from office:

--- Richard Nixon in 1974

Two Presidents have been Impeached , though neither was subsequently convicted:

--- Andrew Johnson in 1868

--- Bill Clinton in 1999

Four Presidents have been elected without a Plurality of popular votes:

--- John Quincy Adams - trailed Andrew Jackson by 44,804 votes in the 1824 Election

--However, in six of the then twenty-four states in 1824, the electors were chosen by the state legislature, with no popular vote.

--- Rutherford B. Hayes - trailed Samuel J. Tilden by 264,292 votes in the 1876 Election

--- Benjamin Harrison - trailed Grover Cleveland 95,713 votes in the 1888 Election

--- George W. Bush - trailed Al Gore by 543,895 votes in the 2000 Election (http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm)

---A possible addition to this list is John F. Kennedy , who may have trailed Richard Nixon in the 1960 Election . The precise gap in votes is difficult to determine because voters in Alabama were not given Kennedy as an option on their ballot - they could only vote "Democratic" without choosing a candidate. So, when the Democrats won Alabama, half of the state's electoral votes were pledged to Kennedy, and the other half were not pledged at all, and those votes all went to Harry F. Byrd . So it is impossible to know how many of those voters meant to vote for Kennedy, or for Byrd. The margin between Kennedy and Nixon was smaller than the number of Democratic votes in Alabama. The official figure from the U.S. government states includes the Alabama votes in Kennedy's total, giving Kennedy the popular plurality.

Eleven Presidents have been elected without a majority of popular votes (but with a plurality of popular votes):

--- James K. Polk - 49.3% of the popular vote in the 1844 Election

--- Zachary Taylor - 47.3% of the popular vote in the 1848 Election

--- James Buchanan - 45.3% of the popular vote in the 1856 Election

--- Abraham Lincoln - 39.9% of the popular vote in the 1860 Election

--- James Garfield - 48.3% of the popular vote in the 1880 Election

--- Grover Cleveland - 48.8% of the popular vote in the 1884 Election

--- Grover Cleveland - 46.0% of the popular vote in the 1892 Election

--- Woodrow Wilson - 41.8% of the popular vote in the 1912 Election

--- Woodrow Wilson - 49.3% of the popular vote in the 1916 Election

--- Harry S. Truman - 49.7% of the popular vote in the 1948 Election

--- John F. Kennedy - 49.7% of the popular vote in the 1960 Election

--- Richard Nixon - 43.2% of the popular vote in the 1968 Election

--- Bill Clinton - 42.9% of the popular vote in the 1992 Election

--- Bill Clinton - 49.2% of the popular vote in the 1996 Election

Two Presidents have been elected without a majority of electoral votes, and were chosen by the House of Representatives:

--- Thomas Jefferson - finished with same number of electoral votes as Aaron Burr in the 1800 Election

--- John Quincy Adams - trailed Andrew Jackson by 15 electoral votes in the 1824 Election

Eight Presidents took office without being elected to the Presidency, having been elected as Vice Presidents and then promoted from that position:

--- Four of them did not run to succeed themselves, and were never elected president.

-- John Tyler - Assumed the Presidency on the death of William Henry Harrison , did not run in the 1844 Election

-- Millard Fillmore - Succeeded Zachary Taylor , did not run in the 1852 Election

-Fillmore did run for President in the 1856 Election as a Know Nothing Party candidate and received 873,053 votes (21.6%), finishing third

-- Andrew Johnson - Succeeded Abraham Lincoln , did not run in the 1868 Election

-- Chester A. Arthur - Succeeded James Garfield , did not run in the 1884 Election

--- The other four later ran for president, and were elected to succeed themselves as president:

-- Theodore Roosevelt - Succeeded William McKinley , elected to succeed himself as president in the 1904 Election

-- Calvin Coolidge - Succeeded Warren G. Harding , elected to succeed himself as president in the 1924 Election

-- Harry S. Truman - Succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt , elected to succeed himself as president in the 1948 Election , but did not run again in the 1952 Election , despite being eligible for a third term.

-- Lyndon B. Johnson - Succeeded John F. Kennedy , elected to succeed himself as president in the 1964 Election , but did not run again in the 1968 Election

One President, Gerald Ford , was never elected but was appointed Vice President by Richard Nixon (with approval from Congress) upon the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew , succeeded to the Presidency after Nixon's resignation, and was defeated in the 1976 Election by Jimmy Carter . He remains the only President neither elected as President nor as Vice President.

There were four cases in which only one person served in a presidential term, but that person did not serve for a full 1461 days.

--- Although the first presidential term was deemed to have started on March 4 , 1789 — the day that the United States Constitution became operational — the First Congress did not meet to count the electoral vote until April 6 , and thus George Washington did not accede to the office until then, giving him 1427 days and some number of hours.

--- Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term began March 4 , 1933 , but the Twentieth Amendment changed the start of the next term to noon on January 20 , 1937 , giving Roosevelt a first term of 1418.5 days.

--- Due to the properties of the Gregorian Calendar , 1800 and 1900 were not Leap Year s, so John Adams' term and William McKinley's first term were shortened to 1460 days.

Five Presidents had never held any prior elected office (though each had served either in the military or presidential cabinet post):

--- Zachary Taylor

--- Ulysses S. Grant

--- Herbert Hoover

--- Dwight D. Eisenhower

--- William Howard Taft

An Urban Legend claims that David Rice Atchison was the 11½''th'' president of the United States for one day on March 4 , 1849 in between the terms of James K. Polk (whose term expired at noon on March 4) and Zachary Taylor (who chose not to be sworn in until March 5). However, the logic of this is contradictory. If one does not consider Taylor to have officially become President until the administration of his Oath of Office, then the same logic precludes any person from having automatically succeeded before likewise having taken the same Oath. In fact, Taylor, as President-elect , automatically acceded to the Office of President upon the expiration of Polk's term, even if he did not yet enter into the execution of that Office until the Oath was administered. This fact was confirmed by Congress when it certified his election, as it defined the beginning of the administration as the instant Polk left office. Even if supposing, for the sake of argument, the rather odd interpretation that only Presidents-elect are required to take the Oath before officially occupying the Office, whilst officials in the Presidential Line of Succession occupy the Presidency ipso facto, then there would be a long list of dozens of additional "Presidents" who only held the office for a matter of hours or minutes.

Grover Cleveland had two non-consecutive terms as President, and is counted both as the 22nd and the 24th President. Consequently, all subsequent Presidents who are referred to as "the $n^{th}$ President of the United States" are actually the $(n-1)^{th}$ person to hold the office. ''E.g.'', George W. Bush , 43rd President, is actually the 42nd person to be President.

The Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath to Lyndon Johnson after the John F. Kennedy Assassination . John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Chester A. Arthur , and Theodore Roosevelt 's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office.

Other facts

flying over Mount Rushmore ]]

All presidents have been white males and nominally Christian (mostly Protestant ). Most presidents have been of substantially British descent, but there have been a few who came from a different background:

---Predominantly Dutch : Martin Van Buren

--Although Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt had Dutch names, neither was predominantly Dutch; each had only one Dutch grandfather. Theodore's other three grandparents were all British; Franklin's other three grandparents were of Puritan stock.

---Predominantly German : Herbert Hoover and Dwight Eisenhower

---Predominantly Irish : William McKinley, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton

--Kennedy was also America's only Roman Catholic president.

Only one president, James Buchanan , remained a Bachelor . Bachelor Grover Cleveland married Frances Folsom while in office, while both John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson became Widower s and remarried while in office.

Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only President to have had a serious physical disability.

Historical Rankings Of United States Presidents by academic historians usually regard three Presidents — in chronological order, George Washington , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt — to be the three most successful presidents by a wide margin.

The Secret Service and some agencies in the government use acronyms as jargon. Since the Truman Administration the President of the United States has been called POTUS, pronounced //. The wife of the President, traditionally referred to as the First Lady is called '''FLOTUS''', pronounced //. The Vice President of the United States is often abbreviated to '''VPOTUS''', pronounced //.

Military Service : 26 out of the 42 U.S. presidents have served in the military

Three out of the first five presidents died on July 4 th (Independence Day)

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