| U.s. Army Signal Corps |
Article Index for U.s |
Shopping Corps |
Website Links For United States |
Information AboutU.s. Army Signal Corps |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT UNITED STATES ARMY SIGNAL CORPS | |
| military communications | |
| united states army | |
| signal corps | |
|
EARLY HISTORY Major Myer first used his visual signaling system, called "''wigwag''", in New Mexico during the 1860 – 1861 Navajo expedition. It was tested in Civil War combat in June 1861 to direct the fire of a harbor battery at Fort Calhoun ( Fort Wool ) against the Confederate positions opposite Fort Monroe . On 3 March 1863 Congress authorized a regular Signal Corps for the duration of the war. Some 2900 officers and enlisted men served in the Civil War Signal Corps. Myer's Civil War innovations included an unsuccessful balloon experiment at First Bull Run and an electric Telegraph in the form of the Beardslee magnetoelectric telegraph machine. Even in the Civil War the wigwag system was waning in the face of the electric telegraph. The electric telegraph became a Signal Corps responsibility in 1867. In 1870, the Signal Corps established a national weather service. The weather bureau became part of the Department Of Argiculture in 1891, while the Corps retained responsibility for military meteorology. During the Spanish American War of 1898 and the subsequent Philippine-American War , the Signal Corps, in addition to providing visual signaling, supplied Telephone and telegraph wire lines and cable communications, employed combat photography, and renewed the use of balloons. Shortly after the war, the Signal Corps constructed the Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System (WAMCATS), the first wireless telegraph in the Western Hemisphere . On 1 August 1907 an Aeronautical Division was established within the office of the Chief Signal Officer. In 1908 , the Wright Brothers made test flights of the Army's first airplane built to Signal Corps' specifications. Army aviation remained within the Signal Corps until 1918 when it became the Army Air Service . During World War I , Chief Signal Officer Major General George O. Squier created a major signal laboratory at Camp Alfred Vail ( Fort Monmouth ). Early radiotelephones developed by the Signal Corps were introduced into the European theatre in 1918 . Colonel William Blair, director of the Signal Corps laboratories at Fort Monmouth, patented the first Army radar demonstrated in May 1937. WORLD WAR II The term, RADAR , was first coined by the Navy in 1941 and agreed to by the Army in 1942. The definition given in the first Signal Corps Field Manual on Aircraft Warning Service stated, "RADAR is a term used to designate radio sets SCR (Signal Corps Radio)-268 and SCR-270 and similar equipment". The facts were that the SCR-268 and 270 were not radios at all, but for Top Security reasons were designated as such. Although important offensive applications have since been developed, radar emerged historically from the defensive need to counter the possibility of massive Aerial Bombardment . In 1941 the laboratories at Fort Monmouth developed the SCR-510. This was the first FM backpack radio. This development was an early pioneer in frequency modulation circuits, providing front line troops with reliable, static free communications. They also fielded multichannel FM radio relay sets (e.g., AN/TRC-1) in the European Theater of Operations as early as 1943. FM radio relay and RADAR, both products of the Labs at Fort Monmouth, are typically rated among the four of five “weaponsystems” that made a difference in World War II. In December 1942, the laboratories had personnel strength of 14,518 military and civilian personnel.The Signal Corps Ground Service was directed by the War Department, however, to cut the total military and civilian personnel to 8,879 by August 1943. In June 1944, “Signees”, former Italian prisoners of war, arrived at Fort Monmouth to perform housekeeping duties. A Lieutenant Colonel and 500 enlisted men became hospital, mess, and repair shop attendants, relieving American soldiers from these duties. Also in December 1942, the War Department directed the Signal Corps General Development Laboratories and the Camp Evans Signal Lab to combine into the Signal Corps Ground Service (SCGS) with head-quarters at Bradley Beach, New Jersey (Hotel Grossman). Julius Rosenberg worked for the Signal Corps Labs from 1940 to 1945. He was dismissed early in 1945 when it was learned he had been a member of the CPUSA Secret Apparatus , and had passed to the Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics the secret of the Proximity Fuze . COLD WAR The Signal Corps' Project Diana, on 10 January 1946 , bounced radar signals off the moon. In 1948 researchers at Fort Monmouth grew the first synthetically produced large quartz crystals. The crystals were able to be used in the manufacture of electronic components, and made the U.S.largely independent of foreign imports for this critical mineral. In 1949 the first auto-assembly of printed circuits was invented. A technique for assembling electronic parts on a printed circuit board, developed by Fort Monmouth engineers, pioneered the development and fabrication of miniature circuits for both military and civilian use. Although they did not invent the transistor, Fort Monmouth scientists were among the first to recognize its importance, particularly in military applications, and did pioneer significant improvements in its composition and production. Everything was to change as world tensions increased with the Cold War and the Berlin Airlift . To sustain the Army's worldwide commitments, it again became necessary to enlarge the capacity of every activity on Post. In June 1950, with the onset of the Korean War , President Truman quickly received the necessary authorization to call the National Guard and organized reserves to 21 months of active duty. He also signed a bill extending the Selective Service Act until 9 July 1951. The Officer Candidate School was reestablished. The fighting in Korea brought to light the need for new techniques in the conduct of modern warfare. The use of mortars by the enemy, and the resultant need to quickly locate and destroy the mortar sites resulted in development of the Mortar-Radar Locator AN/MPQ-3 and AN/MPQ-10. The Communiations Electronics Research and Development Engineering Center, better known as the Albert J. Myer Center, or simply, the Hexagon. The development of new equipment, however, placed requirements on the Signal Corps to provide increased numbers of trained electronics personnel to work in the fire control and Guided Missiles firing battery systems. To meet this need, Signal Corps Training Units—the 9614th and 9615th—were established at Aberdeen , Maryland and Redstone Arsenal in Alabama. These units provided instructionon electronics equipment used in the Anti-Aircraft Artillery and Guided Missile firing systems. Following the arrest of the Julius And Ethel Rosenberg in 1950, two former Fort Monmouth scientists, Joel Barr and Alfred Sarant , defected to the Soviet Union. On 31 August 1953, having received word of possible Subversive Activities from Fort Monmouth’s commanding general, Kirke B. Lawton, the Chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations (PSI), Senator Joseph McCarthy , suspected a spy ring still existed in the Signal Corps labs. At first, McCarthy conducted his hearings behind closed doors, but opened them to the public on 24 November 1953. Extensive Congressional Hearings were continued in 1955 under the chairmanship of Senator John McClellan of Arkansas. On 18 December 1958 with Air Force assistance, the Signal Corps launched its first communications satellite, Project SCORE . During the Vietnam War the Signal Corps' deployed tropospheric scatter radio links that could provide many circuits between locations over 200 miles apart. SIGNAL MILITARY OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALTIES
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS |
|
|