Stoppard was born in Zlín , Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic ), into a Jewish family. To avoid persecution, the Strausslers fled Czechoslovakia to Singapore with other Jewish doctors on March 15 , 1939 , the day the Nazis invaded. However, in 1941 the family had to be evacuated to India to avoid the Japan ese invasion of Singapore. His father, Eugene Straussler, remained behind and was killed.
In India , Stoppard received an English education. His mother Martha married a British army major named Kenneth Stoppard, who gave the boy his English surname. The family eventually moved to England in 1946 .
Stoppard left school at seventeen and began work as a journalist for ''Western Daily Press''. By 1960 he had completed his first play ''A Walk on the Water'', which was later produced as ''Enter a Free Man''. From September 1962 until April 1963 , Stoppard worked in London as a drama critic for ''Scene'', writing reviews and interviews both under his name and under the pseudonym William Boot (taken from Evelyn Waugh 's ''Scoop'').
By 1977 , Stoppard had become concerned with Human Rights issues, in particular with the situation of political dissidents in Central and Eastern Europe . In February 1977, he visited Soviet Union with a member of Amnesty International . In June, Stoppard met Vladimir Bukovsky in London and travelled to Czechoslovakia (then under Communist control), where he met Václav Havel , at that time a dissident playwright. Stoppard became involved with '' Index On Censorship '', Amnesty International, and the Committee Against Psychiatric Abuse and wrote various newspaper articles and letters about human rights. Stoppard was also instrumental in translating Havel's works into English. The Tom Stoppard Prize was created in 1983 (in Stockholm, under the Charter 77 Foundation) and is awarded to authors of Czech origin. Recently (in August 2005 ) Stoppard visited Minsk to give a seminar on playwriting, and to learn first-hand about various human rights and political problems in Belarus .
He was appointed CBE in 1978 and Knight ed in 1997 . He has been co-opted into the Outrapo group. He has been married twice, to Jose Ingle ( 1965 – 72 ), a nurse, and to Miriam Moore-Robinson , (1972– 92 ), whom he left to begin a relationship with actress Felicity Kendal . He has two sons from each marriage.
Stoppard's plays are plays of ideas that deal with philosophical issues, yet he combines the philosophical ideas he presents with verbal wit and visual humor. His linguistic complexity, with its Pun s, Joke s, Innuendo , and other Wordplay , is a chief characteristic of his work. Many also feature multiple timelines.
- (1967) '' Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead '' is one of Stoppard's most famous works — a comedic play which casts two minor characters from '' Hamlet '' as its leads but with the same lack of power to affect their world or exterior circumstances as they have in Shakespeare 's original. Hamlet's role is similarly reversed in terms of his stage time and lines, but it is in his wake that the heroes drift helplessly toward their inevitable demise. Rather than shaping events, they pass the time playing witty word games and pondering the hows, wheres, whys and whos of their predicament. It is similar in many ways to Samuel Beckett 's absurdist '' Waiting For Godot '', particularly in the main characters' lack of purpose and comprehension of their situation.
- (1968) '' Enter A Free Man ''
- (1968) '' The Real Inspector Hound '' is one of his best-known short plays. In it two theatre critics are watching a Country House Murder Mystery, and become involved in the action by accident.. The viewer is watching a play within a play.
- (1970) '' After Magritte '' is a surreal piece which manages to place the characters, through perfectly rational means, into situations worthy of a Magritte painting. It features a husband-and-wife dance team, rather confused mother of one of them, a detective named Foot and a constable named Holmes; Stoppard notes that it is frequently performed as a companion piece to ''The Real Inspector Hound''.
- (1972) '' Jumpers '' explores the field of academic Philosophy , likening it to a highly skilful competitive gymnastics display. ''Jumpers'' raises questions such as what do we know? Where do values come from? It is set in an alternate reality where some British astronauts have landed on the moon and "Radical Liberals" (read Communists ) have taken over the British government.
- (1974) '' Travesties '' is a parody of Oscar Wilde 's '' The Importance Of Being Earnest ''. The play starts from the fact that Tristan Tzara , Vladimir Lenin , and James Joyce were all in Zurich , Switzerland , in 1917 (in fact they were there at slightly different times, but Stoppard gets round this by telling the story through the memory of a confused old man, Henry Carr - hence also the facts getting mixed up with the plot of 'The Importance of Being Earnest', which Carr performed in at the time). There are clear relationships between Joyce's literary work and Tzara's dada art. The relation to Lenin's ideas is less well explained.
- (1976) '' Dirty Linen And New-Found-Land '' combines two works. ''Dirty Linen'' is a farce that portrays a special committee of the House Of Commons , appointed to investigate reports that a large number of Members Of Parliament have been having sex with the same woman. Naturally it contains implied commentary on the government, its workings, its members, and its relationship to the press and to the public. ''New-Found-Land'' is a brief interlude in which two government officials try to decide whether to give British citizenship to an eccentric American (based on one of Stoppard's acquaintances), and contains an imaginative rhapsody about America.
- (1977) '' Every Good Boy Deserves Favour '' is one of Stoppard's most unusual works. It was written at the request of André Previn and was inspired by a meeting with Russian exile Viktor Fainberg . The play calls for a small cast, but also a full orchestra, which not only provides music throughout the play but also forms an essential part of the action. The play concerns a dissident under an oppressive regime (obviously meant to be taken for a Soviet controlled state) who is imprisoned in a Mental Hospital , from which he will not be released until he admits that his statements against the government were caused by a (non-existent) mental disorder.
- (1978) '' Night And Day '' is about Journalism . Set in a fictional African country governed by the tyrant Mageeba, the plot involves the interactions of two British reporters and a British photographer and the family of a British mine owner during a period of unrest in the country.
- (1979) '' Dogg's Hamlet And Cahoot's Macbeth '' are two works. In '' Dogg's Hamlet '' we find the actors speaking a language called ''Dogg'', which consists of ordinary English words but with meanings completely different from the ones we assign them. Three schoolchildren are rehearsing a performance of '' Hamlet '' in English, which is to them a foreign language. '' Cahoot's Macbeth '' is usually performed with ''Dogg's Hamlet'', and shows a shortened performance of '' Macbeth '' carried out under the eyes of a secret policeman who suspects the actors of subversion against the state.
- (1979) '' 15-Minute Hamlet '' The entire play of Hamlet, only in fifteen minutes. An excerpt from ''Dogg's Hamlet'', it is often performed and published on its own.
- (1979) '' Undiscovered Country '' is an adaptation of '' Das Weite Land '' by the esteemed Austrian playwright Arthur Schnitzler .
- (1981) '' On The Razzle '' is a comedic Farce based on a play by 19th-century Austrian playwright Johann Nestroy , '' Einen Jux Will Er Sich Machen '' (which is the source for Thornton Wilder 's ''The Matchmaker'' and the musical '' Hello, Dolly '' as well).
- (1982) '' The Real Thing '' examines the nature of love, and makes extensive use of 'play within a play'.
- (1984) '' Rough Crossing ''
- (1986) '' Dalliance ''
- (1988) '' Hapgood '' mixes the themes of Espionage and Quantum Mechanics , especially exploring the idea that in both fields, observing an event changes the nature of the event.
- (1993) '' Arcadia '' follows the fortunes of a pair of researchers investigating a literary mystery while simultaneously showing what really happened during the incident they are investigating.
- (1995) '' Indian Ink '' is based on his radio play ''In The Native State'', and examines British rule in India from both sides.
- (1997) '' The Invention Of Love '' investigates the life and death of Oxford poet and classicist A. E. Housman .
- (2002) '' The Coast Of Utopia '' is a trilogy about the origins of modern political Radicalism in 19th-century Russia . The central figures in the action are Michael Bakunin and Alexander Herzen . The work consists of three plays: "Voyage," "Shipwreck," and "Salvage."
In his early years Stoppard wrote extensively for ''; and ''Artist Descending a Staircase'', a story told by means of multiple levels of nested flashback. He returned to the medium for ''In the Native State'' ( 1991 ), a story set both in colonial India and present-day England, and examines the relationship of the two countries. Stoppard later expanded the work to become the stage play ''Indian Ink'' ( 1995 ).
In his television play Professional Foul ( 1977 ), an English philosophy professor visits Prague, officially to speak at a colloquium, unofficially to watch a football international between England and Czechoslovakia. He meets one of his former students and is persuaded to smuggle the student's dissident thesis out of the country.
He has also adapted many of his own plays for film and TV, notably the '', though Stoppard received no official or formal credit in this role.
Tom Stoppard has written extensively for Film and Television . Some of his better-known scripts and adaptations include:
Stoppard has written one novel, '' Lord Malquist And Mr Moon '' ( 1966 ). It is set in contemporary London and its cast includes not only the eighteenth century figure of the dandified Malquist and his ineffectual Boswell , Moon, but also a couple of cowboys with live bullets in their six-shooters, a lion (banned from The Ritz ) and a donkey-borne Irishman claiming to be the Risen Christ (from the dust cover).
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