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Symbolism was a late Nineteenth Century Art Movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. PRECURSORS AND ORIGINS French Symbolism was in large part a reaction against Naturalism and Realism , movements which attempted to capture reality in its particularity. These movements invited a reaction in favour of Spirituality , the Imagination , and Dream s; the path to Symbolism begins with that reaction. Some writers, such as Joris-Karl Huysmans , began as naturalists before moving in the direction of Symbolism; for Huysmans, this change reflected his awakening interest in religion and spirituality. Symbolist movement in literature has its roots in '' Les Fleurs Du Mal '' ( The Flowers Of Evil ) by Charles Baudelaire . The esthetic was developed by Stephane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine during the 1860s and 70s. During the 1880s, the esthetic was articulated through a series of manifestoes and attracted a generation of writers. The works of Edgar Allan Poe , which Baudelaire translated into French, were a significant influence and the source of many stock Trope s and images. Distinct from the Symbolist movement in literature, Symbolism in art represents an outgrowth of the more Gothic and darker sides of Romanticism ; but where Romanticism was impetuous and rebellious, Symbolist art was static and hieratic. MOVEMENT The Symbolist Manifesto Symbolists believed that art should aim to capture more absolute truths which could only be accessed by indirect methods. Thus, they wrote in a highly metaphorical and suggestive manner, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. The Symbolist Manifesto (‘Le Symbolisme’, Le Figaro, 18 Sept 1886) was published in 1886 by Jean Moréas . Moréas announced that Symbolism was hostile to "plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description," and that its goal instead was to "clothe the Ideal in a perceptible form" whose "goal was not in itself, but whose sole purpose was to express the Ideal": :In this art, scenes from nature, human activities, and all other real world phenomena will not be described for their own sake; here, they are perceptible surfaces created to represent their esoteric affinities with the primordial Ideals. Techniques The Symbolist poets wished to liberate techniques of versification in order to allow greater room for "fluidity", and as such were aligned with the movement towards Free Verse , a direction very much in evidence in the poems of Gustave Kahn . Symbolist poems sought to evoke, rather than to describe; symbolic imagery was used to signify the state of the poet's Soul . Synaesthesia was a prized experience; poets sought to identify and confound the separate senses of scent, sound, and colour. In Baudelaire's poem ''Correspondences'' which also speaks tellingly of ''forêts de symboles'' — forests of symbols — Il est des parfums frais comme des chairs d’enfants, :: (There are perfumes that are fresh like the colour of babies' skins, A noir, E blanc, I rouge, U vert, O bleu : voyelles. . . ::(A black, E white, I red, U green, O blue: vowels. . .) — both poets seek to identify one sense experience with another. Paul Verlaine and the ''poètes maudits'' But perhaps of the several attempts at defining the essence of Symbolism, none was more influential than Paul Verlaine 's 1884 publication of a series of essays on Tristan Corbière , Arthur Rimbaud , and Stephane Mallarmé , each of whom Verlaine numbered among the ''poètes maudits'', "accursed poets." Verlaine argued that in their individual and very different ways, each of these hitherto neglected poets found Genius a curse; it isolated them from their contemporaries, and as a result these poets were not at all concerned to avoid Hermeticism and idiosyncratic writing styles. In this conception of genius and the role of the poet, Verlaine referred obliquely to the Aesthetics of Arthur Schopenhauer , the philosopher of Pessimism , who held that the purpose of art was to provide a temporary refuge from the world of blind strife of the Will . Philosophy Schopenhauer's Aesthetics reflected shared concerns with the Symbolist programme; they both tended to look to Art as a contemplative refuge from the world of strife and Will . From this desire for an artistic refuge from the world, the Symbolists took characteristic themes of Mysticism and otherworldliness, a keen sense of Mortality , and a sense of the malign power of Sexuality . Mallarmé's poem ''Les fenêtres'' ( {Link without Title} ) expresses all of these themes clearly. A dying man in a hospital bed, seeking escape from the pain and dreariness of his physical surroundings, turns toward his window; turns away in disgust from: . . . . l'homme à l'âme dure ::("the hard-souled man, wallowing in happiness, where only his appetites feed, and who insists on seeking out this filth to offer to the wife suckling his children") and in contrast, he "turns his back on life" (''tourne l’épaule à la vie'') and he exclaims: Je me mire et me vois ange! Et je meurs, et j'aime ::("I marvel at myself, I seem an angel! and I die, and I love --- whether the glass might be art, or mysticism --- to be reborn, bearing my dream as a diadem, under that former sky where Beauty once flourished.") The Symbolist movement has frequently been confused with Decadence . Several young writers were derisively referred to in the press as "decadent" in the mid 1880s. Jean Moréas' manifesto was largely a response to this polemic. A few of these writers embraced the term while most avoided it. Although the esthetics of Symbolism and Decadence can be seen as overlapping in some areas, the two remain distinct. Literary world A number of important literary publications were founded by Symbolists or became associated with the movement; the first was '' La Vogue '' founded in April 1886. In October of that same year, Jean Moréas , Gustave Kahn , and Paul Adam began '' Le Symboliste ''. One of the most important Symbolist journals was '' Le Mercure De France '', edited by Alfred Vallette , which succeeded ''La Pléiade''; founded in 1890 , this periodical lasted until 1965 . Pierre Louÿs founded '' La Conque''[[, A Periodical Whose Symbolist Leanings Were Alluded To By [[Jorge Luis Borges in his story '' Pierre Menard, Author Of The Quixote ''. Other Symbolist literary magazines included '' La Revue Blanche '', '' La Revue Wagnérienne '', '' La Plume '' and '' La Wallonie ''. Rémy De Gourmont and Félix Fénéon were Literary Critics associated with the Symbolist movement. Drama by Symbolist authors formed an important part of the repertoire of the '' Théâtre De L'Œuvre '' and the '' Théâtre Des Arts ''. The Symbolist and Decadent literary movements were Satirized in a book of poetry called '' Les Déliquescences D'Adoré Floupette '', published in 1885 by Henri Beauclair and Gabriel Vicaire . {Link without Title} IN OTHER MEDIA In the visual arts Symbolism in literature is distinct from Symbolism in art although the two overlapped on a number of points. There were several, rather dissimilar, groups of Symbolist Painters and visual artists, among whom Gustave Moreau , Odilon Redon , Pierre Puvis De Chavannes , Henri Fantin-Latour , Edvard Munch , Félicien Rops , and Jan Toorop were numbered. Symbolism in painting had an even larger geographical reach than Symbolism in poetry, reaching several Russia n artists, as well as figures such as Elihu Vedder in the United States . Auguste Rodin is sometimes considered a Symbolist in sculpture. Music Symbolism had some influence in Music as well. Many Symbolist writers and critics were early enthusiasts for the music of Richard Wagner , a fellow student of Schopenhauer. The Symbolist aesthetic had a deep impact on the works of on poems by Verlaine, the Opera '' Pelléas Et Mélisande '' with a libretto by Maurice Maeterlinck , and his unfinished sketches that illustrate two Poe stories, '' The Devil In The Belfry '' and '' The Fall Of The House Of Usher '', all indicate that Debussy was profoundly influenced by Symbolist themes and tastes. His best known work, the '' Prélude à L'après-midi D'un Faune '', was inspired by a poem by Mallarmé, '' L'après-midi D'un Faune ''. Aleksandr Scriabin 's compositions are also influenced by the Symbolist aesthetic. Arnold Schoenberg 's '' Pierrot Lunaire '' takes its text from German translations of the Symbolist poems by Albert Giraud , showing a link between German expressionism and Symbolism. Prose fiction ''Je veux boire des poisons, me perdre dans les vapeurs, dans les rêves!'' "I want to drink poisons, to lose myself in mists, in dreams!" Diana, in '' The Temptation Of Saint Anthony '' by Gustave Flaubert . Symbolism's cult of the static and hieratic adapted less well to narrative fiction than it did to poetry. '') contained many themes which became associated with the Symbolist esthetic. This novel in which very little happens is a catalogue of the tastes and inner life of Des Esseintes, an eccentric, reclusive Antihero . The novel was imitated by Oscar Wilde in several passages of '' The Picture Of Dorian Gray ''. Paul Adam was the most prolific and most representative author of Symbolist novels. ''Les Demoiselles Goubert'' co-written with Jean Moréas in 1886 is an important transitional work between Naturalism and Symbolism. Few Symbolists used this form. One exception is Gustave Kahn who published ''Le Roi fou'' in 1896. Other fiction that is sometimes considered Symbolist is the cynical misanthropic (and especially, misogynistic) tales of Jules Barbey D'Aurevilly . Gabriele D'Annunzio wrote his first novels in the Symbolist vein. Theatre The same emphasis on an internal life of dreams and fantasies have made Symbolist theatre difficult to reconcile with more recent tastes and trends. Auguste Villiers De L'Isle-Adam 's drama '' Axel '' (rev. ed. 1890 ) is a definitive Symbolist play; in it, two Rosicrucian aristocrats fall in love while trying to kill each other, only to agree to mutually commit suicide because nothing in life could equal their fantasies. From this play, Edmund Wilson took the title ''Axel's Castle'' for his influential study of the Symbolist aftermath in literature. Maurice Maeterlinck was another Symbolist playwright; his theatrical output includes both ''Pelléas and Melisande'', and '' L'Oiseau Bleu '' ("The Blue Bird"), another theatrical fantasy. The later works of the Russian playwright Anton Chekhov have been identified as being deeply influenced by Symbolist pessimism. Under Symbolist influence, the Russian actor and director Vsevolod Meyerhold developed a Ballet ic theory of acting in contrast to Konstantin Stanislavski 's System , which focused on learning gestures and movements as a way of expressing outward emotion. Meyerhold's method was influential in early Motion Picture s, and especially on the works of Sergei Eisenstein . AFTERMATH In the English speaking world, the closest counterpart to Symbolism was Aestheticism ; the Pre-Raphaelite s, also, were contemporaries of the earlier Symbolists, and have much in common with them. Symbolism had a significant influence on Modernism and its traces can be seen in a number of modernist artists, including T. S. Eliot , Wallace Stevens , Conrad Aiken , Hart Crane , and William Butler Yeats in the anglophone tradition and Rubén Darío in Hispanic letters. The early poems of Guillaume Apollinaire have strong affinities with Symbolism. Edmund Wilson 's 1931 study ''Axel's Castle'' focuses on the continuity with Symbolism and a number of important writers of the early twentieth century, with a particular focus on Yeats, Eliot, Paul Valéry , Marcel Proust , James Joyce , and Gertrude Stein . Wilson concluded that the Symbolists represented a dreaming retreat into: . . .things that are dying—the whole Belle-lettristic tradition of Renaissance culture perhaps, compelled to specialize more and more, more and more driven in on itself, as industrialism and democratic education have come to press it closer and closer. (1856-1910).]] As the movement was losing its forward movement in France, after the turn of the Twentieth Century it became a major force in Russian Poetry . The Russian Symbolist Movement , steeped in the Eastern Orthodoxy and the religious docrines of Vladimir Solovyov , had little in common with the French movement of the same name. It was the starting point of the careers of several major poets such as Alexander Blok , Andrei Bely , and Marina Tsvetaeva . Bely's novel ''Petersburg'' (1912) is considered the greatest monument of Russian symbolist prose. The Symbolist Painters were an important influence on Expressionism and Surrealism in painting, two movements which descend directly from Symbolism proper. The Harlequin s, paupers, and clowns of Pablo Picasso 's "blue period" show the influence of Symbolism, and especially of Puvis de Chavannes. In Belgium , where Symbolism had penetrated deeply, so much so that it came to be thought of as a national style, the static strangeness of painters like René Magritte can be seen as a direct continuation of Symbolism; Bernard Delvaille has described Magritte's surrealism as "Symbolism plus Freud ". The work of some Symbolist visual artists directly impacted the curvilinear forms of Art Nouveau . Many early Motion Pictures , also, contain a good deal of Symbolist visual imagery and themes in their staging, set designs, and imagery. The films of German Expressionism owe a great deal to Symbolist imagery. The virginal "good girls" seen in the films of D. W. Griffith , and the Silent Movie "bad girls" portrayed by Theda Bara , both show the continuing influence of Symbolist imagery, as do the Babylon ian scenes from Griffith's '' Intolerance ''. Symbolist imagery lived on longest in the Horror Film ; as late as 1932 , a horror film such as Carl Theodor Dreyer 's '' Vampyr '' shows the obvious influence of Symbolist imagery; parts of the film resemble ''tableau vivant'' re-creations of the early paintings of Edvard Munch . SYMBOLISTS Precursors
Authors
Influence in English literature English Language authors that influenced, or were influenced by Symbolism include:
See also: Symbolist Painters EXTERNAL LINKS
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