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Sturm und Drang was revolutionary in its stress on personal subjectivity and on the unease of man in contemporary society, and it firmly established German authors as cultural leaders in Europe at a time when many considered France to be the center of literary development. The movement was also distinguished by the intensity with which it developed the theme of youthful genius in rebellion against accepted standards and by its enthusiasm for nature. The greatest figure of the movement was Goethe , who wrote its first major drama, Götz von Berlichingen (1773), and its most sensational and representative novel, Die Leiden Des Jungen Werthers ( The Sorrows Of Young Werther , 1774) which drew on James Macpherson 's Ossian cycle. Other writers of importance were Klopstock, J. M. R. Lenz, and Friedrich Müller. The last major artist to work in this movement was Friedrich Schiller . His ''Die Räuber'' and a number of early plays were not just Sturm und Drang works, but also preludes to Romanticism . The movement was also paralleled in Music of the period, resulting in stormy Minor Key writing, Chromatic harmonies, and a return to some of the Contrapuntal writing which had been abandoned at the end of the Baroque era. Sturm und Drang was a part of a preceding, and largely overlapping, movement in music known by its German name, the '' Empfindsamer Stil ''. Examples of Sturm und Drang composition include the symphonies No. 45 and 49 by Joseph Haydn, as well as his opus 20 set of String Quartet s; the opera '' Don Giovanni '' by Mozart (especially the overture, and the portion including Don Giovanni's descent into hell), as well as his G minor symphony K. 183 and his D minor piano concerto K. 466; also Mozart's early opera "La finta giardiniera" with its heroine abandoned in a desolate place and beset by wild animals as well as numerous compositions by C.P.E. Bach . NOTABLE WORKS
Christoph Heinrich Hölty POP CULTURE REFERENCES
REFERENCE See studies by R. Pascal (1953, repr. 1967) and M. O. Kirsten (1969). |
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