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Snakes and ladders' simplicity and the see-sawing nature of the contest make it popular with younger children, but the lack of any skill component in the game generally makes it less appealing for older players. HISTORY The Western form of this game was invented in Victorian England , possibly by John Jaques of Jaques Of London {Link without Title} , and apparently adapted from the ancient Indian game "dasapada", dating back to the 2nd century B.C. It should be noted that some game historians dispute this claim. The term "Dasapada" is a Sanskrit term and actually refers to a 10×10 square gaming board and in chess is related to a variant of the standard chess game. However, it is difficult to ascertain with any certainty, what connection (if any) modern "Snakes and Ladders" has to Dasapadan chess. PLAYING Each player starts with a token in the starting square (usually the "1" grid square in the bottom left corner) and takes turn to roll a single Die to move the token by the number of squares indicated by the die roll, following a fixed route marked on the gameboard which usually follows a Boustrophedon track from the bottom to the top of the playing area, passing once through every square. If, on completion of this move, they land on the lower-numbered end of the squares with a "ladder", they can move their token up to the higher-numbered square (known as "climbing the ladder"). If they land on the higher-numbered square of a pair with a "snake", they must move their token down to the lower-numbered square (known as "sliding down the snake"). In most versions, a player who rolls a 6 with their die may, after moving, immediately take another turn; otherwise the play passes to the next player in turn. The winner is the player whose token first reaches the last square of the track. A variation exists where a player must role the exact number to reach the final square (hence winning). Depending on the particular variation, if the role of the die is too large the token remains where it is, or the token may proceed to the final square and then go backwards until it has transversed the same number of squares as the die shows. SPECIFIC EDITIONS The most widely known edition of Snakes and Ladders in the US is ''Chutes and Ladders'', produced by rather than a die. The theme of the board design is Playground equipment—children climb Ladder s to go down Chute s (slides). The most common in the United Kingdom is Spear's Games' Edition of ''Snakes and Ladders'', played on a 10x10 board where a single die is used. MATHEMATICS OF THE GAME Any version of Snakes and Ladders can be represented exactly as a Markov Chain , since from any square the odds of moving to any other square are fixed and independent of any previous game history. In the book '' Winning Ways '' the authors show how to treat Snakes and Ladders as a ( Loopy ) Impartial Game in Combinatorial Game Theory even though it is very far from a natural fit to this category. To this end they make a few "minor" rule changes such as allowing any player to move ''any'' counter ''any'' number of spaces, and declaring the winner to be the one who gets the ''last'' counter home. It is hard to deny that this version, which they call ''Adders-and-Ladders'', involves more skill than does the original game. EXTERNAL LINKS
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