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When ''Silent Spring'' was published, Rachel Carson was already a well-known writer on natural history, but had not previously been a social critic. The book was widely read, spending several weeks on the '', 2006 in 1972 in the United States.

The book claimed detrimental effects of Pesticide s on the environment, particularly on Bird s. Carson accused the Chemical Industry of spreading Disinformation , and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically. She proposed a Biotic approach to pest control as an alternative to DDT, claiming that DDT had been found to cause thinner egg shells and result in reproductive problems and death.


SUPPORT

History professor Gary Kroll commented, "Rachel Carson's ''Silent Spring'' played a large role in articulating ecology as a 'subversive subject'— as a perspective that cut against the grain of , 2006

According to '' Time '' magazine in 1999, within a year or so of its publication, "all but the most self-serving of Carson's attackers were backing rapidly toward safer ground. In their ugly campaign to reduce a brave scientist's protest to a matter of public relations, the chemical interests had only increased public awareness.”

Carson had made it clear she was not advocating the banning or complete withdrawal of helpful pesticides, but was instead encouraging responsible and carefully managed use, with an awareness of the chemicals' impact on the entire ecosystem. However, some critics asserted that she was calling for the elimination of all pesticides, despite the fact that Silent Spring was positively reviewed by many outside of the academic field such as agricultural science and chemical science, and it became a runaway best seller both in the USA and overseas.

Anectodal evidence may support Carson's claim. For example, chemicals that are persistent in the environment accumulate in body fat and are carried by women in their breast tissue, and studies by U.S. and Canadian scientists have found that women with higher levels of Organochlorines in their blood have four to ten times the risk of Breast Cancer than those with lower levels.
"Breast Cancer: Is It the Environment? , , 2006 Thus far, human data about the link between these chemicals and breast cancer are inconclusive. One study showed that women with breast cancer have the same or lower levels of pesticide residue in their system than women without the disease."Cancer Epidemiological Biomarkers", ''Prevention'', 1999 June; 8(6):525-32


CRITICISM

Even before Silent Spring was published by Houghton Mifflin in 1962, there was strong opposition to it. According to ''Time'' in 1999:

"Carson was violently assailed by threats of lawsuits and derision, including suggestions that this meticulous scientist was a "hysterical woman" unqualified to write such a book. A huge counterattack was organized and led by Monsanto , Velsicol , American Cyanamid —indeed, the whole chemical industry—duly supported by the Agriculture Department as well as the more cautious in the media."

The book attracted hostile attention from scientists, commentators and the Chemical Industry . In general, her book did not receive positive reviews from the science field. One of Carson's claims was that DDT is a Carcinogen . Subsequent studies have failed to demonstrate a link between DDT and cancer. On the contrary:

  • In one study, primates were fed 33,000 times more DDT than the estimated exposure of adult humans in 1969. No conclusive link with cancer was detected. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 1999; 125(3-4):219-25

  • A study of 692 women, half of them control subjects, over a period of twenty years, established no correlation between serum DDE and breast cancer. DDE is a matabolite of DDT, and correlates with DDT exposure.

  • A study examined 35 workers exposed to 600 times the average DDT exposure levels over a period of 9 to 19 years. No elevated cancer risk was observed. Source: ER Laws, 1967. Archives of Environmental Health 15:766-775

  • "DDT has been conservatively credited with saving some 100 million lives" - Todd Seavey, Director of Publications - , 2002 , retrieved April 26 , 2006

  • In another study, humans voluntarily ingested 35 mg of DDT daily for about two years, and were then tracked for several years afterward. No elevated risk was observed. Source: Hayes, W. 1956. JAMA 162:890-897


According to studies of poultry and other birds, even many times the dose of DDT found in the wild had no effect on birds' egg shells. see consolidated journal citations on egg shell thinning, retrieved April 26 , 2006

Biochemist and former chemical industry spokesman Robert White-Stevens stated, ''If man were to follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to the , 2006

In a recent essay, "The Harm That Pressure Groups Can Do", British politician Dick Taverne was damning in his criticism of Carson:
  • Taverne, Dick "The Harm That Pressure Groups Can Do", collected in ''Panic Nation'', 2005, edited by Stanley Feldman and Vincent Marks, ISBN 1844541223.



REFERENCES IN POPULAR CULTURE

  • In the computer game , the Iraqi "Desolator" unit poisons the ground and enemy soldiers and has a soundbite saying "it will be a silent spring".



SEE ALSO



NOTES



SOURCES

  • Carson, Rachel. ''Silent Spring'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), Mariner Books, 2002, ISBN 0618249060

  • ---''Silent Spring'' initially appeared serialized in three parts in the June 16 , June 23 , and June 30 , 1962 issues of '' The New Yorker '' magazine

  • Graham, Frank. ''Since Silent Spring'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), Fawcett 1976 reprint: ISBN 0449231410

  • ''Silent Spring Revisited'', American Chemical Society , 1986: ISBN 0317597981, 1987: ISBN 0841209812

  • Litmans, Brian and Jeff Miller, ''Silent Spring Revisited: Pesticide Use And Endangered Species'', Diane Publishing Co., 2004, ISBN 0756744393 (67 p.)

  • Lear, Linda. ''Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature.'' New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997, Owl Books paperback 1998: ISBN 0805034285

  • Murphy, Priscilla Coit, ''What A Book Can Do: The Publication and Reception of Silent Spring'', University of Massachusetts Press, 2005, ISBN 1558494766

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency "What is DDT?" retrieved April 26 , 2006

  • 'DDT Chemical Backgrounder', ''National Safety Council'' Retrieved May 30 2005

  • ''Report on Carcinogens'', Fifth Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program (1999).



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