| Shlomo Ben-ami |
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Ben-Ami was born in Tangier , Morocco to Sephardic Jewish parents. He immigrated to Israel in 1955 . He was educated at Tel-Aviv University and Oxford University (England) from which he received a Ph.D. in History. He was a historian at Tel-Aviv University from the mid-1970's, serving as head of the School of History from 1982 to 1986. His initial field of study was Spanish history, but later he turned to the history of Israel and the Middle East. From 1987 until 1991 , before he entered politics, he was Israel's ambassador to Spain . In 1996 he was elected to the Knesset . When the Labor Party government of Ehud Barak took office in July 1999, Ben-Ami became the Minister of Public Security. In August 2000, when David Levy resigned as Foreign Minister of Israel during talks with Palestinian leaders in the United States, Barak designated Ben-Ami to be the acting foreign minister. He was officially appointed foreign minister in November 2000. Meanwhile, the Or Commission held him responsible for the behavior of security forces during the October 2000 Riots in which Arabs were killed by Israeli Police , in his capacity as security minister. However, he was not considered to be a hard-liner in Israeli relations with the Palestinians. During his time in the Barak government, he was a political rival of Shimon Peres . Ben-Ami remained foreign minister and security minister until March 2001, when, having won elections, the government of Ariel Sharon took office. Ben-Ami refused to serve in the Sharon government. He became an author of books on Israeli issues. His latest book is ''Scars of War, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli-Arab Tragedy'' (Oxford, 2006). EXTERNAL LINKS
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