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The origins of the Rus as the warrior class are controversial. Whereas most Western historians hold to the Normanist theory, many Slavic scholars take strong exception to it and attempt to discover alternative origins. Some take the view that the word Rus was not ethnicity-specific, and designated an occupation (merchant/raider/mercenary), filled mostly by Norsemen at first and Slavs later on. Ultimately at stake in this controversy are culture and heritage. The question is whether East Slavic civilization owes an element of its cultural origin to the Scandinavia n rulers of the 9th – 11th Centuries , as documented by the Normanist theory, or whether that heritage may be attributed exclusively to the Slavs , as the Slavists would have it. THE NORMANIST THEORY The "Normanist" theory suggests that Kievan Rus' may have been named after its Scandinavian overlords, much as was the case with Normandy . According to the Primary Chronicle , a historical compilation attributed to the 12th Century , Rus was a group of Varangian s who lived on the other side of the Baltic Sea , in Scandinavia. The Varangian s were first expelled, then invited to rule the warring Slavic and Finnic tribes of Novgorod : The four tribes who had been forced to pay tribute to the Varangians - Chud s, Slavs , Merians , and Krivichs drove the Varangians back beyond the sea, refused to pay them further tribute, and set out to govern themselves. But there was no law among them, and tribe rose against tribe. Discord thus ensued among them, and they began to war one against the other. They said to themselves, "Let us seek a prince who may rule over us, and judge us according to custom. Thus they went overseas to the Varangians, to the Rus. These particular Varangians were known as Rus, just as some are called Swedes , and others Normans and Angles , and still others Gotlanders , for they were thus named. The Chuds, the Slavs, the Krivichs and the Ves then said to the Rus, "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come reign as princes, rule over us". Three brothers, with their kinfolk, were selected. They brought with them all the Rus and migrated (The Primary Chronicle, 859-862). Later, the Primary Chronicle tells us, they conquered Kiev and created Kievan Rus' . The territory they conquered was named after them (see Etymology Of Rus And Derivatives ) as were, eventually, the local people (''cf''. Normans ). The Normanist theory is also based on Ibn Fadlan who uses the name ''Rusiyyah'' for a group of people who are usually interpreted as Viking s near Astrakhan , and on the Persia n traveler Ibn Rustah who allegedly visited Novgorod and described how the Rus' exploited the Slavs. As for the Rus, they live on an island ...that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests; it is most unhealthy....They harry the Slavs, using ships to reach them; they carry them off as slaves and...sell them. They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slav's lands....When a son is born, the father will go up to the newborn baby, sword in hand; throwing it down, he says, "I shall not leave you with any property: You have only what you can provide with this weapon." When the Varangians arrived in cataracts in both ''Rhos'' and in ''Slavic''. The Rhos names:
It is also due to the Annals Of Saint Bertan which relate that Emperor Louis II ' court in Ingelheim , 839 (the same year as the first appearance of Varangian s in Constantinople ), was visited by a delegation from the Byzantine Emperor . In this delegation there were two men who called themselves Rhos (''Rhos vocari dicebant''). Louis enquired about their origins and learnt that they were Swedes . Fearing that they were spies for their brothers, the Danes , he incarcerated them. This theory claims that the name ''Rus'', like the Finnish name for Sweden , is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (''rods-'') as rowing was the main method of navigating the Russian rivers, and that it is linked to the Swedish province of Roslagen (Rus-law) or ''Roden'', from which most Varangian s came. The name ''Rus'' would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: Ruotsi and '''Rootsi'''. In contemporary Scandinavian sources Eastern Europe was occasionally called ''Greater Sweden'' or ''Sweden the Cold'' beside a much popular name ''Gardarike'' (the land of cities). A similar way of naming an area of colonies has been used for southern Italy , Magna Graecia (Greater Greece). It has been suggested that the Vikings had some enduring influence in Rus, as testified by loan words, such as ''yabeda'' "complaining person" (from ''aembaetti'' "office"), ''skot'' "cattle" (from ''skattr'' "tax") and Knout (from ''knutr'', "a knotty wood"). Moreover three Nordic names of the first Varangian rulers also became popularized, i.e., Oleg (Helgi), Olga (Helga) and Igor (Ingvar). The Normanist theory was first elaborated by the German historian Gerard Friedrich Miller (1705-1783), who was invited to work in the Russian Academy Of Sciences in 1748 . At the beginning of his notorious speech from 1749 , Miller declared that the "glorious Scandinavians conquered all the Russian lands with their victorious arms". As the rest of the speech represented a lengthy list of Russian defeats by the Germans and Swedes, Miller was forced to curtail his lecture by shouts from the audience. The scathing criticism from Lomonosov , Krasheninnikov , and other academicians led to Miller being forced to suspend his work on the issue until Lomonosov's death. Although the printed text of the original lecture was destroyed, Miller reprinted it as ''Origines Rossicae'' in 1768 . The proponents of the "Normanist theory" of the Russian state - including Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826) and later Mikhail Pogodin (1800-75) - gave credit to the claims of the Primary Chronicle that the Varangians were invited by East Slavs to rule over them and bring order. The theory was not without political implications. In Karamzin's writing the normanist theory formed the basis and justification for Russian autocracy, and Pogodin used the theory to advance his view that Russia was immune to social upheavals and revolutions, because the Russian state originated from a voluntary treaty between the people of Novgorod and Varangian rulers. THE ANTINORMANIST THEORIES Scholars from Eastern Europe have criticised the Normanist theory. Already in the 19th century the "Normanist theory" was disputed by the more liberal sectors of Russian society and by some Polish historians. Even earlier, Mikhail Lomonosov had written about how problematic he felt the Normanist theory to be. Some non-Normanist origins for the word ''Rus'' have been postulated by Sigismund Von Herberstein , Dmitry Ilovaisky , Boris Rybakov and others:
The fact that Vikings used a particular name for the area, ''Gardar'' ("Castles or Strongholds") {Link without Title} , is presented as an argument against the Normanist theory; however the relevance of this argument is unclear. With the exception of the Gutasaga , the Norse Saga s generally do not focus on Eastern Slavic lands. In addition, they usually considered not Kiev ("Kaenugardr") but Novgorod ("Holmgardr") as the capital of Rus. According to F. Donald Logan (''The Vikings in History'', cit. Montgomery, p. 24), "in 839 , the Rus' were Swedes . In 1043 , the Rus' were Slavs ." The Scandinavians were completely absorbed and, unlike their brethren in England and in Normandy , they left little cultural heritage in Eastern Europe. This almost complete absence of cultural traces (besides several names, as discussed above, and arguably the Veche -system of Novgorod , see Ting ) is remarkable, and the Slavicists therefore call the Viking s "''cultural chameleons''", who came, ruled and then disappeared, leaving little cultural trace in Eastern Europe. This seems to suggest that these Rus' were a small group, less than a people in the nation sense of the word; less than an ethnos. This conclusion leads Slavicists to deny or reinterpret the Primary Chronicle, which claims that the Danish (or Swedish) Rus' were "invited". They claim that Nestor , putative author of the Chronicle, was biased against the pro-Greek party of Vladimir Monomakh and supported the pro-Scandinavian party of the ruling prince Svyatopolk . They cite Nestor's factual inaccuracies as pro-Scandinavian manipulations and compare his account of Rurik's invitation with numerous similar stories found in folklore around the world. Boris Rybakov , a prominent Soviet historian, felt that the cultural level of the Varangian s could not have warranted an invitation from the equally culturally advanced Slavs. REFERENCES
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