Receptor (proteomics)

OVERVIEW

Receptors exist in different types, dependent on their Ligand and function:

Some receptor proteins are Peripheral Membrane Protein s;

Many of Cell Membrane s, that allow the activation of Signal Transduction pathways in response to the activation by the binding molecule, or Ligand .

--- Metabotropic Receptor s receptors are coupled to G Protein s and affect the cell indirectly through Enzyme s which control Ion Channel s.

--- Ionotropic Receptor s contain a central pore which funtions as a ligand-gated ion channel.

Another major class of receptors are Intracellular proteins such as those for Steroid hormone receptors. These receptors often can enter the Cell Nucleus and modulate Gene Expression in response to the activation by the ligand.

The shapes and actions of receptors are newly investigated by the X-ray Crystallography and computer modelling. This increases the current understanding of Drug Action at binding sites on the receptors.

PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEIN RECEPTORS

TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS

Metabotropic receptors

G-protein-coupled Receptor s

These receptors are also known as seven transmembrane receptors or '''7TM''' receptors.

" Muscarinic " Acetylcholine Receptor s ( Acetylcholine and Muscarine )

Adenosine Receptor s ( Adenosine )

Adrenoceptor s (also known as Adrenergic Receptor s, for ''adren''aline , and other structurally related Hormone s and Drugs )

GABA Receptor s, Type-B ( γ-Aminobutyric Acid or GABA)

Angiotensin Receptor s ( Angiotensin )

Cannabinoid Receptor s ( Cannabinoids )

Cholecystokinin Receptor s ( Cholecystokinin )

Dopamine Receptor s ( Dopamine )

Glucagon Receptor s ( Glucagon )

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor s ( Glutamate )

Histamine Receptor s ( Histamine )

Olfactory Receptor s (for the Sense Of Smell )

Opioid Receptor s ( Opioid s)

Rhodopsin (a Photoreceptor )

Secretin Receptor s ( Secretin )

Serotonin Receptor s, except Type-3 ( Serotonin , also known as 5-Hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT)

Somatostatin Receptor s ( Somatostatin )

Calcium-sensing Receptor ( Calcium )

''many more'' ...

Tyrosine Kinase receptors

Erythropoietin Receptor ( Erythropoietin )

Insulin Receptor ( Insulin )

various receptors for Growth Factor s & Cytokine s

Guanylyl Cyclase receptors

GC-A & GC-B: receptors for Atrial-natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and other natriuretic peptides

GC-C: Guanylin receptor

Ionotropic receptors

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor s ( Acetylcholine , Nicotine )

Glycine Receptor (GlyR) ( Glycine , Strychnine )

)

, AMPA Receptor , and Kainate Receptor ( Glutamate )

5-HT₃ Receptor ( Serotonin )

INTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR S

Transcription Factors

Steroid Hormone Receptor :

--- Sex Hormone Receptor s ( Sex Hormone s)

-- Estrogen Receptor

-- Androgen Receptor

--- Vitamin D Receptor ( Vitamin D )

--- Glucocorticoid Receptor ( Glucocorticoid s)

--- Mineralocorticoid Receptor ( Mineralocorticoids )

Thyroid Hormone Receptor

Retinoid Receptor ( Vitamin A and related compounds);

Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor s (PPARs)

Various

Sigma1 ( Neurosteroids) )

IP₃ Receptor ( Inositol Triphosphate , IP₃)

ROLE IN GENETIC DISORDERS

Many Genetic Disorder s involve hereditary defects in receptor genes. Often, it is hard to determine whether the receptor is nonfunctional or the Hormone is produced at decreased level; this gives rise to the "pseudo-hypo-" group of Endocrine Disorders , where there appears to be a decreased hormonal level while in fact it is the receptor that is not responding sufficiently to the hormone.

SEE ALSO:

Signal Transduction

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Receptor (proteomics)