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The invasion was triggered by Sindhi pirates raiding Arab shipping under the patronage of the Raja . One case which came to the notice of then Governor of Basra Al-Hajjaj Bin Yousef involved the kidnapping of some women and gifts to the Caliph Walid from Ceylon , triggering a letter to the Raja and upon unsuccesful resolution of the matter resulting in the launch of a military expedition. This force and the next were led by Abdulla Bin Nahban and Badil Bin Tuhfa , respectively and were both defeated at Debal .(According to Dr. Daud Pota the tomb of Abdullah Shah at Clifton in Karachi is of this General, Abdulla bin Nabhan & According to the British historian Eliot, Karachi and the island of Manora constituted the city of Debal ). Incensed and realizing that the Raja was a more powerful than had been previously assumed, more care and planning was invested into the 3rd campaign under the aegis of Muhammad Bin Qasim in 711 A.D which resulted in the death of the Raja and the enmeshing of the future of Sindh with the politics of the Islamic Empires. The rule by sucessors of the Balhara Jat , Rajput Rai Dynasty , was reported to have been marked by persecution of the Buddhist and Untouchable populations, the Jats and Meds. According to the Cach Nama: :"''Mohammad Bin Qasim's work was facilitated by the treachery of certain Buddhist priests and renegade chiefs who deserted their sovereign and joined the invader. With the assistance of some of these traitors, Mohammad crossed the vast sheet of water separating his army from that of Dahir and gave battle to the ruler near Raor modern day Nawabshah '' (712 A.D.). Dahir was defeated and killed''." Sindh had large Buddhist and Untouchable Hindu populations at this time but the ruler, Raja Dahir, was a Brahmin Hindu. It is said that the Buddhist/Untouchable populace had been in receipt of reports from Afghanistan and Turkistan about the conditions under Arab conquerors of those and accordingly extended cooperation to Muhammad Bin Qasim and acclaimed him as liberator from the tyranny of the current dynasty. Eventually, the majority of the population embraced Islam , partly out of choice and partly out of the fear of the new, iconoclastic Arab rulers. With support from various local tribes, such as the Jats , Meds, Bhuttos and Buddhist Rajas of Nerun (Hyderabad), Bajhra, Kaka Kolak and Sewastan, Muhammad Bin Qasim extended the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate from Morocco in the West to the Indus River in the East. LINEAGE He was the son of Raja Chandra who was the son of Rani Suhanadi and Chach. Chach was initially the Munshi (Chamberlain) of Raja Sahasi Rai II of the Rai Dynasty then later ruler of Sindh . SOURCES
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