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A Raja (sometimes spelled '''Rajah''') is a King , or princely ruler from the Kshatriya lineages. ''Raja'' comes from the Sanskrit word ''rājan,'' and is cognate to the Latin ''rex'' (root of many royal titles in, mainly Romance, European languages), ''regnum'', ''regis'', the Gallic Rix and Irish ''rí'' etcetera.

The title has a long history in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia . Some rulers would give themselves the title as a means to increase prestige among their subjects.

  • Rather common variants in Hindi, used for the same royal rank in (parts of) India include Rana, Rao, Raol, Rawal, and '''Rawat'''.


  • The female form, 'queen', mainly used for a Raja's wife, is Rani (sometimes spelled Ranee).


Raja, the lower title Thakore and mainy variations, compounds and derivations including either of these were used in and around India by most Hindu and some Buddhist and Sikh rulers, while Muslims rather used Nawab or Sultan , and still is commonly used in India . However in Pakistan , Raja is still used by the Chibhs, Janjua , Chauhan and Rathore clans as hereditary titles.


Major Rajas in India

As the theoretical hierarchy of princely titles did not reflect the true importance of the ruling houses' Princely State s, not even at the time of awarding of titles (e.g. raised purely to reward an incumbent's personal merit), the British introduced the alternative ranking by Gun Salute for the over hundred most important Indian (and some other) states, regardless of native princely titles (which they continued to award), but linking the Westers style His Highness to the higher classes of gun salutes.

As a result of massive title inflation, by the time of Indian independence only a relatively small numbers of rulers still 'merely' styled Raja remained amongst the elite which had been awarded gun salutes, and only in the lower classes (the highest was 21 guns, no even numbers were used):

Hereditary salutes of 11-guns:

Hereditary salutes of 9-guns (11-guns personal):

Hereditary salutes of 9-guns:

Personal salute of 9-guns: only The Raja of Bashahr


Nepal




Rajas in the Malay world

The ruler of Perlis (a constitutive peninsular state of federal Malaysia , most colleagues are Sultans; he is one of the electors who designate one of their number as King every five years) is to this day title the Raja of Perlis.




COMPOUND AND DERIVED TITLES

A considerable number of princely styles, used by rulers, their families and/or even ennobled courtiers, include the title/root Raja
  • Rao Raja, a juxtaposition of two equivalent titles, was used by the rulers of Bundi until they were awarded the higher title of Maharao Raja

  • Raja Bahadur is a typical Mughal compound, as the adjective Bahadur 'valourous' always raises one rank in the imperial court protocol; in the specific hierarchy among the (en)noble(d) Hindu retainers at the court of the Muslim Nizam of Hyderabad , it was the equivalent of the rank Nawab for Muslim members of the retinue

  • Maharaja and equivalent compound of variants on Raja with the prefix ''Maha-'' 'Great' (e.g. Maharana, Maharawal) mean 'Great King'; the word originally denoted a Raja who had conquered other Rajas, thus becoming a ''great'' ruler, but was soon adopted or awarded by the Paramount Ruler of India (Mughal or British) as a hollow style too, causing too massive title inflation and - devaluation to remain a truly high distinction

  • Rajadhiraja means 'King of Kings'; again, trough title devaluation this is less prestigious then the equivalents in most linguistic families

  • Raja Perumal is considered the most powerful title of all according to Tamil literature.

  • in South India , the title of the Samraj (Hindu 'emperor') of Vijayanagar was Raya instead of (Maha)Raja.

  • A number of medieval rulers in Southeast Asia used variants such as the devotional titles Buddharaja and Devaraja or the geographically specific Lingaraja .

  • Uparaja (with its own variations and derivations; can mean viceroy or other high dynastic ranks)



OTHER USES

Like many titles, Raja often occurs in personal names (just as Latin Rex and English King in Western first - and family names), usually without noble or political significance. For example, Raja Vaidyanathan


SEE ALSO



SOURCES AND REFERENCES