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Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaism 's Rabbi nic writing/s throughout history. However, the term often used is an exact cognate of the Hebrew term ''Sifrut Hazal'' (ספרות חז"ל; "Literature our Sages, [of] blessed memory"), where the latter usually refers specifically to literature from the Talmud ic era. The latter, more specific, sense is how the term is normally used in medieval and modern rabbinic writing (where ''Hazal'' normally refers ''only'' to the sages of the Talmudic era), and in contemporary academic writing (where "rabbinic literature" refers to Talmud, Midrash, and related writings, but hardly ever to later texts). This article discusses rabbinic literature in both senses. It begins with the classic rabbinic literature of the Talmudic era (''Sifrut Hazal''), and then adds a broad survey of rabbinic writing from later periods. The term ''meforshim'', or ''parshanim'' is also used in modern-day Yeshiva s (Talmudical academies), denoting the " Rabbi nical commentaries" of the "commentators". THE ORAL LAW The Mishnah and the Tosefta (compiled from materials pre-dating the year 200 ) are the earliest extant works of rabbinic literature, explaining Judaism's Oral Law . Next came the two Talmud s:
THE MIDRASH Midrash (pl. ''Midrashim'') is a Hebrew word referring to a method of reading details into, or out of, a Biblical text. The term ''midrash'' also can refer to a compilation of Midrashic teachings, in the form of legal, exegetical or homiletical commentaries on the Bible. LATER WORKS BY CATEGORY Jewish law Halakha is the Jewish way of life. Notable works in this category include:
Jewish thought and ethics
Liturgy
LATER WORKS BY HISTORICAL PERIOD Works of the Geonim The Geonim are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha, in Babylon ( 650 - 1250 ) :
Works of the ''Rishonim'' (the "early" rabbinical commentators) The Rishonim are the rabbis of the early medieval period ( 1000 - 1550 )
Works of the ''Acharonim'' (the "later" rabbinical commentators) The Acharonim are the rabbis from 1550 to the present day.
MEFORSHIM ''Meforshim'' is a Hebrew word meaning "(classical rabbinical) commentators" (or roughly meaning " Exegetes "), and is used as a substitute for the correct word perushim which means "commentaries". In Judaism this term refers to commentaries by the commentators on the Torah (five books of Moses), Tanakh , the Mishnah , the Talmud , Responsa , even the Siddur (Jewish prayerbook), and more. Classic Torah and/or Talmud commentaries have been written by:
Classical Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi. After Rashi the Tosafos were written, which was an omnibus commentary on the Talmud by the disciplies and descendants of Rashi; this commentary was based on discussions done in the rabbinic academies of Germany and France. Modern Torah commentaries which have received wide acclaim in the Jewish community include:
Modern Siddur commentaries have been written by:
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