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Quebec French (French: ''le québécois'' / ''le français québécois'' / ''le français du Québec''), and less often " Québécois French", is the dominant and most prevalent regional Dialect or Variety of the French Language found in Canada . The majority of those who speak Quebec French live in the Province of Québec . However, this dialect is also used, both in its Formal And Informal varieties, by sizeable Francophone minorities in bordering areas of Ontario and New Brunswick as well as by small French-speaking communities in Maine and New Hampshire in the United States . Quebec French is often referred to as "Canadian French" by those unaware of the existence of Acadian French (another regional dialect of French In Canada ) or by those unfamiliar with Québec's standing as the French-language stronghold of North America . ''VIVE LA DIFFéRENCE?'' - NAMING AND (MIS)UNDERSTANDINGS Same yet " Distinct " Not simply Slang or an archaic dialect, Quebec French is identical to all other regional varieties of French in two basic respects. First, all regional Standard varieties of French use the same Orthography and Grammar . Second, as with any regional variety, Quebec French shows a range of internal variation according to Register and other social factors. For example, the standard French both of Quebec and of Europe use identical spellings and Verb Conjugations . Yet, at the same time, Quebec French and, say, Metropolitan French have their own regionalisms, pronunciations and sets of Sociolect s or slangs ( Joual in east-end Montréal ; Verlan , Javanais , Louchebem , etc. in Paris). Parlez-vous franglais? Also, Quebec French is often confused with Franglais (or Frenglish ), the common name for three distinct language phenomena that occur in Québec, in Canada, and in other places where French and English co-exist. First, "franglais" can mean an Interlanguage resulting from mixing English with French and vice versa; this practice is common among second-language learners and some other non-native speakers of French or English. Next, the two terms can refer to English and French Code-switching , which is practiced by Bilingual s. Lastly, the term "franglais" may designate the (un)intentional use of Anglicisms or Gallicism s, a practice both scorned and lauded in all varieties of French and English. HISTORY ''Main article: History Of Quebec French '' Quebec French is not Old French – a much earlier ancestor that spanned 1000 to 1300 CE and, in many ways, resembled Latin . The origins of Quebec French actually lie in the 17th and 18th century regional varieties of early Modern French , also known as Classical French, and of other Oïl Languages ( Norman , Picard , etc.) that French colonists brought to New France . Quebec French evolved from this language base and was shaped by the following influences (arranged according to historical period): New France Unlike in continental France during the 17th and 18th centuries, French in New France became fairly unified (see Barbeau's book below). It also began to borrow words, especially ", " Canada " and " Hochelaga ", from Amerindian Languages due to contacts with First Nations peoples. British Regime With the onset of the British Regime in 1760 , Quebec French became isolated from European French. This period started with efforts to gain and success in guaranteeing French settlers cum British subjects rights to French Law , the Roman Catholic faith, and the French language. Such early yet difficult success was followed by a socio-cultural retreat, if not repression, that would later help preserve French In Canada . Latter half of the 19th century After Canadian Confederation , Québec started to become Industrialized and thus experienced increased contact with English speakers. Québec business, especially with the rest of Canada and with the United States, was conducted in English. Also, communications to and within the Canadian federal government were conducted almost exclusively in English. This period included as well a sharp rise in the number of English-speaking immigrants from what are now the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. This was particulary noticeable in Montréal, the face of which grew majoritarily English-speaking. As a cumulative result, Quebec French began to borrow massively from both American and Canadian English to fill Lexical Gap s in the fields of government, law, manufacturing, business and trade. WWI to 1959 As of World War I the majority of Québec's population lived in urban areas. Also, from WWI to the death of Maurice Duplessis in 1959, Québec experienced massive modernization. It is during this period that French-language radio and television broadcasting, albeit with a façade of European Pronunciation , began in Canada. While Quebec French borrowed many English-language brand names during this time, Québec's first modern Terminological efforts bore a French Lexicon for (ice) Hockey , the national sport of Canada. Following WWII , Québec began to receive large waves of Allophone immigrants who would acquire French or English, but mostly commonly the latter. 1959 to 1982 From the Quiet Revolution to the passing of Bill 101 , Quebec French saw a period of validation in its varities associated with the working class while the percentage of literate and university educated francophones grew. Laws concerning the status of French were passed both on the federal and provincial levels. The Office Québécois De La Langue Française was established to play an essential role of support in Language Planning . 1982 to present The post- Bill 101 period is marked by an explosion in Information And Communications Technologies in the 1980's and 1990's and Québec's increased use of English on both North American and global scales. Nonetheless, in Québec the Rate Of Assimilation towards English was virtually eliminated. This period is also the beginning of sizeable exports of Quebec-French cultural products and Quebec-French Terminology work particularly in technical fields. SOCIAL PERCEPTION AND LANGUAGE POLICY Standardization Although Quebec French constitutes a coherent and standard system, it has no objective norm since the very organization mandated to establish it, the '' Office Québécois De La Langue Française '', believes that objectively standardizing the dialect would lead to reduced interintelligibility with other French communities around the world, linguistically isolating Quebecers and possibly causing the extinction of the French language in the Americas. This governmental institution has nonetheless published many dictionaries and terminological guidelines since the 1960s, effectively allowing many ''Québécismes'' (French words local to Quebec) that either describe specifically North American realities or have been in use before the Conquest. It also creates new, morphologically well-formed words to describe technological evolutions to which the '' Académie Française '', the equivalent body governing French language in France, is extremely slow to react. An example is the word ''courriel'', the Quebec French term for e-mail, which is now widely used in France. The resulting effect, other historical factors helping, is a negative perception of Quebec French traits by some of the Quebecers themselves, coupled with a desire to improve their language by conforming it to the Metropolitan French norm. This explains why most of the differences between Quebec French and Metropolitan French documented in this article are marked as "informal" or "colloquial". Those differences that are unmarked are most likely so just because they go unnoticed by most speakers. Interintelligibility with other dialects Interintelligibility of formally and informally spoken Quebec French with Metropolitan French is a matter of heated debates between linguists. If a comparison can be made, the differences between both dialects are probably larger than those between American and British English , but not as large as those between Standard German and Swiss German . This being said, it is important for monolingual English speakers especially, to understand that in many other European languages there exist veritable dialects. Francophone Canadians abroad have to modify their accent somewhat in order to be easily understood, but very few francophone Canadians are unable to communicate readily with European Francophones. European pronunciation is not at all difficult for Canadians to understand; only differences in vocabulary present any problems. Television programmes and films from Quebec often must be Subtitled for international audiences, which some Quebecers perceive as offensive, although they themselves sometimes can hardly understand European French pronunciation and slang. Recent increases in reciprocal exposure are slowly improving interintelligibility though, and slang expressions have even been crossing the ocean in both directions. In general, European French speakers have no problems understanding newscasts or other moderately formal speech. However, they may have great difficulty understanding for example a Sitcom dialogue. This is due more to idioms, slang, and vocabulary than to accent or pronunciation. European French users will also have difficulty with colloquial speech of Quebecers, for sitcom dialogue reflects everyday speech. However, when speaking to a European French speaker, a French speaker from Quebec is capable of shifting to a slightly more formal, "international" type of speech. Quebec's culture has only recently been discovered in Europe, especially since the Quiet Revolution ''(Révolution tranquille)'', and the difference in dialects and culture is large enough that Quebec French speakers overwhelmingly prefer their own home-grown television dramas or sitcoms to shows from Europe. The number of such TV shows from France shown on Quebec television is about the same as the number of British TV shows on American television: outside of obscure cable channels, essentially none at all. Quebec French was once stigmatized, among Quebecers themselves as well as among Continental French and foreigners, as a low-class dialect, sometimes due to its use of Anglicism s, sometimes simply due to its differences from "standard" European French. Until 1968 , it was unheard of for Quebec French vocabulary to be used in plays in the theatre for instance; in that year the huge success of Michel Tremblay 's play ''Les Belles-Sœurs'' proved to be a turning point. Today, francophones in Quebec have much more freedom to choose a "register" in speaking, and TV characters speak "real" everyday language rather than "normative" French. In Europe, Quebec French is rediscovered as a charming variety of French that is sometimes difficult to understand: ''vous entendre parler, c'est comme écouter une chanson'' (hearing you speak is like hearing a song). LINGUISTIC FEATURES Phonology and phonetics ''Main article: Quebec French Pronunciation '' Quebec French has more Phoneme s than Metropolitan French, as and , and , and and are still clearly opposed whereas the latter of each Pair has disappeared at least in several parts of France . Vowels Quebec French replaces Tense Vowels with their Lax equivalents when the vowels are both short (e.g. not before "r", , and ) and in a closed syllable. This means that the masculine and feminine adjectives ''petit'' and ''petite'', and in France, are and in Quebec. The same goes with → and → . In some areas, notably Beauce, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean and, to a lesser extent, Quebec City and the surrounding region, even long tense vowels may be laxed. The Nasal Vowel s are slightly different, although Native Speaker s are not generally able to tell between a French and a Quebecer vowel. and are tensed into (or even ) and , whereas is fronted into . Also, nasal vowels under Stress in a final closed syllable are long and may be Diphthong ized in Colloquial Speech . One letter whose distinct pronunciation is very noticeable in Quebec French is the letter ''.'' The normal realization in final open syllable is , which is nowadays strongly marked as colloquial, with being seen as more elevated. Parisian is very formal, and often perceived as pretentious. Inside words, and often change into and although this too is increasingly considered to be colloquial. These variations are found in several European pronunciations and are usually also considered colloquial. The letters ''oi'', pronounced in Metropolitan French, and , , and in formal Quebec French, can be realized in six additional different ways in less formal context, including the very famous found (exclusively) in ''droit, froid,'' flexions of ''noyer'' and ''croire,'' and ''soit,'' remnants from one of the founding French dialects. Another informal archaistic trait from 17th century Parisian popular French is the tendency to open into in a final open syllable. On the other hand, in grammatical word endings, as well as in the indicative forms of verb ''être,'' the is tensed into . This is also usual in France, but failure to tense the in Quebec is usually negatively perceived as pedantic. =Diphthongization Long and Nasalized vowels are normally Diphthong ized when Stressed . For instance ''père'' (father), , is in France but in Quebec. Other cases include:
Diphthongization is considered as marking less educated speech and avoided in more formal contexts. Diphthongization of and are unaffected by this stigma, however, and usually go unnoticed of most speakers. =Phonological feminine When followed by a word that is vowel initial the vowel in ''un'' and ''une'' (the indefinite article) is in a closed syllable and therefore lax. Because Quebec French has vowel harmony, both determiners will be pronounced the same ( → and → ). This creates the effect that nouns beginning with a vowel are perceived as feminine, and often used so. Hence: ''une hôpital, une grosse autobus, l'avion est belle.'' Metonymies provide interesting evidence of this. For instance, although most adults would probably say that ''autobus'' is masculine if they were given reflection time, specific bus routes defined by their number are always feminine. Bus No. 10 is known as ''l'autobus 10,'' or more often ''la 10.'' Using ''le 10'' in this context, although normal in France, would be strikingly odd in Quebec (especially Montréal), except in some regions, particularly the Outaouais, where it is the standard. (An alternative explanation for this, however, is that bus routes in Montréal are called "lines", and therefore "la 10" is short for "la ligne 10", and not "l'autobus 10", since it is the route being referred to, and not an individual bus.) There are many differences in informal grammar: for instance, some words have a different gender than in standard French (''une job'' rather than ''un job''). This is partially systematic. For example, just as the difference in pronunciation between ''chien'' (masc.) and ''chienne'' (fem.) is the presence or absence of a final consonant, likewise ambiguous words ending in a consonant (such as ''job'' ()) are often assigned to the feminine. Also, vowel-initial words that in standard grammar are masculine, are sometimes patterned as feminine; since preceding masculine adjectives are homophonous to feminine adjectives (''un bel avion''; ''bel'' = ''belle'' fem.), the word is patterned as feminine (''une belle avion''). Consonants Around twelve different ''R'''s are used in Quebec, depending on region, age and education among other things. The Uvular Trill has lately been emerging as a nation-wide standard, whereas the Alveolar Trill was used before in and around Montreal . The Voiced Fricative can also be heard among younger people. As a matter of comparison, the Voiced Velar Fricative or Voiceless Fricative is more generally used in France, whereas the Uvular Trill is considered typical of Metropolitan French. There is a tendency to Vocalize final into or drop it altogether. The Velar Nasal is often found as an Allophone of the Palatal Nasal . the stop in informal speech: → → . In very informal speech, some final mute '' T '''s will sometimes be pronounced: → ''(lit).'' There is also the special case of "debout" and , ''ici'' (sometimes actually written ''icitte''). On the other hand, the ''t'' in ''but'' and ''août'' are not pronounced in Quebec but they are in France (albeit decreasingly for ''but''). These often reflect centuries-old variation or constitute archaisms. Many of the features of Quebec French are mistakenly attributed to English influence; however, the historical evidence shows that most of them either descend from earlier forms from specific dialects, forms that have since changed in France, or internal developments (''i.e.'', changes that have occurred in Canada alone, but not necessarily in all parts). =Consonant reduction It has been postulated the frequency of this phenomenon in Quebec French is due to a tendency to pronounce Vowels with more "strength" than Consonants , a pattern reversing that of European French . Consonant clusters finishing a word are reduced, often losing altogether the last or two last consonants, in both formal and informal Quebec French. It seems that the liquids and are specially likely to get dropped, as in ''table,'' → , or ''astre,'' → → . The phone in Article determiners and even more in personal Pronoun s in most dialects doesn't exist in the mental representation of these words. As a matter of fact, pronouncing ''il'' and ''elle'' as and is seen as extremely formal, quite possibly pedantic. ''Elle'' is further modified into in informal speech, a sound change similar to that of into {Link without Title} before /r/. In colloquial speech, the combination of the preposition ''sur'' + , ''sur + le'' also becomes ''su'l'', such as "L'dimanche, il est su'l pont dès 8 heures du mat'" ("On Sundays, he's hard at work since 8am".). Other contractions are not known. Some initial consonants are also reduced: ''gueule'' (France, ), especially in the construction ''ta gueule'' , "shut up". Combinatory phenomena =Vowel harmonization and consonant assimilation The high front vowels in Quebec French show a net tendency to be unvoiced, as in ''municipalité,'' → (sometimes even noted ). Interestingly, the unvoiced vowels are not immediately audible to native French speakers of other dialects, causing incomprehension. Much more generalized (but only in Quebec) is the nasalization of vowels placed after (or occasionally before) a Nasal Consonant : → , → . Similarly, consonants in Clusters are often assimilated, usually with the consonant closer to the stress (that is, to the end of the word) transmitting its Phonation (or its Nasalization ): → . Progressive assimilation, although rare, also exists in very "strong" consonants such as , → . The drop of the , which is as usual in Quebec as it is in France (although it does not happen in the same places,) creates consonant clusters, hence making a ground for assimilation to happen. For instance, the 1st person singular pronoun "je" may be devoiced before a verb with a voiceless consonant initial. This is most notable in verbs normally beginning with an , as the well-known example "je suis" ("I am") that is often realized as "chu" (), or "je sais" ("I know"), realized as "ché" (). Since the drop of is not exclusive to Quebec, this phenomenon is also seen in other dialects. One extreme instance of assimilation in Quebec French is vocalic fusion, associated with informal speech, rapid elocution, and consonant drops. Vocalic fusion can be total – as in Preposition al Determiner s ''sur la,'' → → or ''dans la,'' → → – or it can be partial, as in ''il lui a dit,'' → → . Partial fusion can happen also in slow elocution. =Linking (''liaison'') Linking (''liaison'') is a phenomenon found in spoken French where an otherwise mute final consonant is moved to the beginning of a following word beginning with a vowel. Voiced consonants are systematically devoiced when linking: 'un grand bâtiment' ("a tall building") , but ''un grand ami'' ("a great friend") , not The rules for linking are complex in both standard and Quebec French. The general consensus among linguists is that Quebecers link less frequently than their European counterparts (this is a feature also common in regional varieties of French in France). Linking is only mandatory if the first word is monosyllabic, or is ''petit'' (normally monosyllabic anyway) or ''méchant,'' and is usually avoided in all other cases. Some frequent co-occurrences such as ''ma tante'' ("my aunt") have been reanalyzed as , some say as a parallel to ''maman.'' Another, more likely, explanation lies in the fact the words "ma tante" had been used in a very polite matter (not unlike English speakers would say "My lord") and subsequent generations slowly started using the new form. In the example of ''mon mononcle'' ("my uncle") we see the linking has been fossilized as well in . Syntax ''Main article: Quebec French Syntax '' In Quebec, it is common to say ''Fais-toi-z-en pas'' rather than ''(ne) t'en fais pas'' (don't worry, don't get upset). In colloquial speech, the verb ''être'' is often omitted between ''je'' and ''un(e)'', with a ''t'' inserted: ''J't'un gars patient''. A ''t'' is also often inserted after the second person singular: ''T'es-t-un gars patient''. Particle ''-tu'' The particle ''-tu'' is used colloquially to ask a question whose answer can be either ''yes'' or ''no,'' or in the equivalent exclamative construction. It has exactly the same distribution as Metropolitan France ''est-ce que''.
Although this construction strikingly resembles a formal question asked in the 2nd person singular, there is no evidence that the particle ''tu'' came from the pronoun ''tu'' in the first place. It is actually more likely to come from the 3rd person pronoun ''il'' with a euphonic ''-t-'', as using a particle ''ti'' in exactly the same way is a feature found in the Oïl languages (other than French) in France and Belgium. Other uses of ''-tu'' include:
Verbs There are very few differences in verb forms. For the verb ''s'asseoir'' (to sit), the conjugation with ''oi'' is much more common in Quebec than ''ie'' or ''ey''; ''je m'assois'' instead of ''je m'assieds'', ''assoyez-vous'' instead of ''asseyez-vous''. In the French of France , people favour ''oi'' in the three persons of the singular as well as in the 3rd person of the plural ("je m'assois", "ils s'assoient"), but ''ey'' is favoured in the 1st and 2nd persons of the plural ("nous nous asseyons" "vous vous asseyez"). In France, "nous nous assoyons" carries a feeling of "countryside" talking. Also, the verb ''haïr'' usually is conjugated as ''j'haïs'' (the verb has two syllables) in Quebec rather than ''je hais'' (the verb has one syllable) in France. In colloquial speech, the first person singular of ''aller'' is often ''vas'' instead of ''vais''. This is also found in the countryside in France, especially in the northwest, where one could hear old people saying "J'vas traire les vaches" ("I'm on my way to milk the cows"), with the ''r'' pronounced as an alveolar trill as in Spanish. Furthermore, in Quebec ''je vais'' + verb (future) is often modified to ''m'as'', as in ''M'as t'tuer''. The usual hypothesis refers to a contraction of ''j'm'en vas'' . The construction "M'a" for a near future has however been confirmed in dialects of the Parisian region as old as the 17th century and was more than likely imported with the colonists. One remarkable phenomenon in Quebec French is the potential use of an infinitive phrase in some contexts to replace the ''si'' + imperfect hypothetical construct: ''si j'avais su'', for example, becomes ''avoir su.'' Although no other dialect or chronolect of French seems to allow the use of non-embeddable hypothetic infinitives, other languages such as Italian have similar structures. Also, some expressions that take the Subjunctive in standard French take the Indicative in Quebec French, or vice versa (''bien qu'il est trop tard'' rather than ''bien qu'il soit trop tard''). This is mostly colloquial spoken usage, since written usage tends to follow the usage of France more closely. Number On the other hand, many Quebecers in informal context will decide on the agreement with collective nouns based on semantics rather than morphology. That is to say, for instance, that a verb whose grammatical subject is ''le monde'' (people, folks) may appear in the 3rd person plural because ''le monde'' designates multiple people although it is singular: ''le monde là-dedans sont en train de chiâler'' (the people in there are complaining). Prepositions The preposition ''à'' is often used in possessive contexts, where the French of France uses ''de''; ''le char à Pierre'' ("Pierre's car") instead of ''la voiture de Pierre''. This is also found in the informal French of France , such as "Hier j'ai vu la copine à Bruno" ("Yesterday I saw Bruno's girlfriend"). In a number of cases, Quebec speakers prefer to use the preposition ''à'' instead of using a non-prepositional phrase with ''ce'' ("this"); for example ''à matin'' or ''à soir'' instead of ''ce matin'' and ''ce soir'' ("this morning" and "this evening"). Note also ''à cette heure'', pronounced and sometimes spelt ''asteure'' or ''astheure'' (literally "at this time") for ''maintenant'' ("now") and ''désormais'' ("henceforth"), which is also found in Queneau . These usages of ''à'' are considered colloquial (non-written). It is common to say ''chez nous'', ''chez vous'' and ''chez eux'' instead of ''chez moi'', ''chez toi'' or ''chez lui/elle'', even if the person in question lives alone. Vocabulary (lexis) ''Main article: Quebec French Lexicon '' There are a number of lexical differences between Quebec French and the French of France; these are distributed throughout the registers, from slang to formal usage. Many differences that exist between Quebec French and European French arise from the preservation of certain forms that are today archaic in Europe. Obviously new words were also created for Quebec specialties that do not exist in Europe. As with any two regional variants, there is an abundance of slang terms found in Quebec that are not found in France. Quebec French Profanity uses references to Catholic liturgical terminology, rather than the references to prostitution that are more common in France. Many English words and Calque s have also been integrated in Quebec French, although less than in France. Borrowing from English is politically sensitive in Quebec and tends to be socially discouraged. Non-sexist usage Formal Quebec French also has a very different approach to Non-sexist Language than Metropolitan French. There is a much greater tendency to generalize feminine markers among nouns referring to professions. This is done in order to avoid having to refer to a woman with a Masculine Noun , and thereby seeming to suggest that a particular profession is primarily masculine. Forms that would be seen as highly unusual or stridently feminist in France are commonplace in Quebec, such as ''la docteure,'' ''l'avocate,'' ''la professeure'', ''la présidente'', ''la première ministre,'' ''la gouverneure générale'', and so forth. Many of these have been formally recommended by the ''Office québécois de la langue française'' and adopted by society at large. The French government has lately moved in the same direction for official usage (''madame la ministre''). Also, rather than following the rule that the masculine includes the feminine, it is relatively common to create doublets, especially in polemical speech: ''Québécoises et Québécois,'' ''tous et toutes,'' ''citoyens et citoyennes''. As an isolated anecdote, a Quebec labour union once decided to promulgate an epicene Neologism on the model of ''fidèle'', calling itself the ''Fédération des professionnèles'' , rather than use either ''professionnels'' (masculine only) or ''professionnels et professionnelles'' (masculine and feminine). This sparked a fair amount of debate and is rather on the outer edge of techniques for nonsexist writing in Quebec French. Morphology (word formation) Some . The adjectival suffix -''euse'' is added to verbal stems to form "the machine that verbs." For example ''laver'' -> ''laveuse'' "washing machine"; ''balayer'' -> ''balayeuse'' "vacuum cleaner" (but "streetsweeper" in France) REGIONAL VARIATION Several regions within Quebec display accents and vocabulary that are typical. Among them, the Quebec Beauce is known to have a peculiar accent, with an especially important, distinctive Joual pronunciation. The French heard in the Gaspé Peninsula might be the most distinct of all Quebec French subdialects, where it is said that ''there is a different accent for each village''. It holds some resemblance to the French Of The Acadian People , the southern neighbour of the Gaspé. Notable bearers of Gaspésie accents are Kevin Parent and René Lévesque . Somewhat significant regional differences exist when comparing the French of the Metropolis to that of Quebec's Capital . For example, Montreal French diphthongizes in more contexts than Quebec City French (in words like ''baleine'', ''poteau'' or ''photo''). This difference has become a humorous symbol of the traditional Quebec City–Montreal rivalry (it can also be an offensive one, if presented in the wrong context). It is, for example, prominently mocked in the opening number/manifesto of the Montreal-based political and activist humour group Les Zapartistes . Trois-Rivières and Mauricie French is, as it is geographically, in between of Montreal and Quebec City French, although it is closer to the Quebec City language on many aspects. A notable expression typical of the region is ''cossin'', the equivalent of the American English ''gizmo''. The Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean , known as the most regionalist and Nationalist of Quebec Regions , speaks the French language that is the most different from Montreal French, after that of the Gaspésie. One notable expression of the region is ''T'es triste'' (You're sad), actually meaning ''You're unlucky'' or ''You're pathetic''. LINGUISTIC RELATIVES AND NEIGHBORS Regional varieties of French
Mixed Languages and Creole s formed from French (N.A. & the Carribean )
SEE ALSO
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