Given name1 |
Posthumous Name 2
(short form)
Chinese, ''Manchu'' |
Temple Name 2 |
Reign Name
Chinese, ''Manchu'' |
Reign years |
Name by which
most commonly known |
|---|
Nurhaci
努爾哈赤
Pinyin : Nǔ'ěrhāchì |
Gāodì
高帝
''Dergi hūwangdi'' |
Tàizǔ
太祖 |
Tiānmìng
天命
''Abkai fulingga'' |
1616 - 1626 3 |
Nurhaci |
Hong Taiji4
皇太極
Pinyin : Huángtàijí |
Wéndì
文帝
''Genggiyen su hūwangdi'' |
Tàizōng
太宗 |
Tiāncōng
天聰
''Abkai sure''
1627 - 1636 ;
Chóngdé
崇德
''Wesihun erdemungge''
1636 - 1643 |
1626 - 1643 |
Hong Taiji |
Fúlín
福臨 |
Zhāngdì
章帝
''Eldembure hūwangdi'' |
Shìzǔ
世祖 |
Shùnzhì
順治
''Ijishūn dasan'' |
1643 - 1661 5 |
Shunzhi Emperor |
Xuányè
玄燁 |
Réndì
仁帝
''Gosin hūwangdi'' |
Shèngzǔ
聖祖 |
Kāngxī
康熙
''Elhe taifin'' |
1661 - 1722 |
Kangxi Emperor |
Yìnzhēn
胤禛 |
Xiàndì
憲帝
''Temgetulehe hūwangdi'' |
Shìzōng
世宗 |
Yōngzhèng
雍正
''Hūwaliyasun tob'' |
1722 - 1735 |
Yongzheng Emperor |
Hónglì
弘曆 |
Chúndì
純帝
''Yongkiyangga hūwangdi'' |
Gāozōng
高宗 |
Qiánlóng
乾隆
''Abkai wehiyehe'' |
1735 - 1796
(died 1799 )6 |
Qianlong Emperor |
Yóngyǎn
顒琰 |
Ruìdì
睿帝
''Sunggiyen hūwangdi'' |
Rénzōng
仁宗 |
Jiāqìng
嘉慶
''Saicungga fengšen'' |
1796 - 1820 |
Jiaqing Emperor |
Mínníng
旻寧 |
Chéngdì
成帝
''Šanggan hūwangdi'' |
Xuānzōng
宣宗 |
Dàoguāng
道光
''Doro eldengge'' |
1820 - 1850 |
Daoguang Emperor |
Yìzhǔ
奕詝 |
Xiǎndì
顯帝
''Iletu hūwangdi'' |
Wénzōng
文宗 |
Xiánfēng
咸豐
''Gubci elgiyengge'' |
1850 - 1861 |
Xianfeng Emperor |
Zǎichún
載淳 |
Yìdì
毅帝
''Filingga hūwangdi'' |
Mùzōng
穆宗 |
Tóngzhì
同治
''Yooningga dasan'' |
1861 - 1875 7 |
Tongzhi Emperor |
Zǎitián
載湉 |
Jǐngdì
景帝
''Ambalinggū hūwangdi'' |
Dézōng
德宗 |
Guāngxù
光緒
''Badarangga doro'' |
1875 - 1908 7 |
Guangxu Emperor |
Pǔyí
溥儀
''also known as'' Henry |
Xùndì 8
遜帝 |
''None given'' 9 |
Xuāntǒng
宣統
''Gehungge yoso'' |
1908 - 1924 10
(died 1967 ) |
Xuantong Emperor |
The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 ''aixin jueluo''), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name. |
As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong. |
Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616 , but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636 . Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously. |
Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海). |
The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644 . |
The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796 , taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799 , at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796 . |
The Empress Dowager Cixi , concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908 . She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898 . The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own. |
Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the Posthumous Name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi. |
In : Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public. |
The Qing dynasty was overthrown in that same day. Thus, Xuantong was ruling emperor until February 12 , 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12 , 1917 ), and non-ruling emperor between February 12 , 1912 and November 5 , 1924 . Xuantong also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the Reign Name Datong (大同) ( 1932 - 1934 ), then the puppet emperor of the same under the Reign Name Kangde (康德) ( 1934 - 1945 ). |
