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EARLIEST ACCOUNTS The earliest surviving mention of the celebration of Eucharist or Mass appears in the New Testament Scriptures, where it is signified by the phrase "the breaking of the bread." The earliest surviving account of the celebration of Eucharist or Mass in Rome is that of Saint Justin Martyr (died c. 165 ): : On the day called Sunday , all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the presider in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen ; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons (''First Apology'', chapter lxvii). In chapter lxv, Justin Martyr says that the Kiss Of Peace was given before the bread and the wine mixed with water were brought to the person presiding over the celebration. The language used was doubtless Greek , except in particular for the Hebrew word " Amen ", whose meaning Justin explains in Greek, and which "all the people present" said at the conclusion of the eucharistic (thanksgiving) prayer by the presider. The descriptions of the Mass liturgy in Rome by Hippolytus (died c. 235 ) and Novatian (died c. 250 ) are similar to Justin's. EARLY CHANGES It is unclear when the language of the celebration changed from Greek to Latin . Pope Victor I ( 190 – 202 ), an African, may have been the first to use Latin in the liturgy in Rome. Others think Latin was finally adopted nearly a century later. The change was probably gradual, with both languages being used for a while. Before the pontificate of " that once introduced them), the Kiss Of Peace was moved to after the Consecration , and there was a growing tendency to vary, in reference to the feast or season, the prayers, the Preface , and even the Canon. Pope Gregory I made a general revision of the liturgy of the Mass, "removing many things, changing a few, adding some," as his contemporary biographer, John The Deacon , writes. He is credited with adding a phrase to the Eucharistic Prayer , and he placed the Lord's Prayer immediately after the Canon, as he himself wrote. MIDDLE AGES Towards the end of the Eighth Century Charlemagne ordered the Roman rite of Mass to be used throughout his domains. However, some elements of the preceding Gallican Rite s were fused with it north of the Alps, and the resulting mixed rite was introduced into Rome under the influence of the emperors who succeeded Charlemagne. Gallican influence is responsible for the introduction into the Roman rite of dramatic and symbolic ceremonies such as the blessing of candles, ashes, palms, and much of the Holy Week ritual. The recitation of the Credo ( Nicene Creed ) after the Gospel is attributed to the influence of Emperor Henry II (1002–1024). Gallican influence explains the practice of incensing persons, introduced in the eleventh or twelfth century, where, previously, incense was used only in the entrance and Gospel processions. Private prayers for the priest to say before Communion were another novelty. About the thirteenth century, an elaborate ritual and additional prayers of French origin were added to the Offertory , at which the only prayer that the priest in earlier times said was the Secret ; these prayers varied considerably until fixed by Pope Pius V in 1570. Pope Pius V also introduced the Prayers at the Foot of the Altar, previously said mostly in the sacristy or during the procession to the altar as part of the priest's preparation, and also for the first time formally admitted into the Mass all that follows the '' Ite Missa Est '' in his edition of the Roman Missal. This Missal, which the Pope issued at the request of the Council Of Trent , established uniformity within the Latin Rite after a period that had witnessed regional variations in the choice of Epistles, Gospels, and prayers at the Offertory, the Communion, and the beginning and end of Mass. With the exception of a few dioceses and religious orders, the use of this Missal was made obligatory, giving rise to the 400-year period when the Roman-Rite Mass took the form now known as the Tridentine Mass . COMPARISON OF THE MASS, C. 400 AND 1000 AD Source: Hoppin, Richard. ''Medieval Music''. New York: Norton, 1977. Page 119 and 122. SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINK |
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