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Politics of Jamaica takes place in a framework of a Parliamentary Representative Democratic Monarchy . The 1962 Constitution established a Parliamentary System based on the United Kingdom model. As chief of state, Queen Elizabeth II appoints a Governor General , on the advice of the Prime Minister , as her representative in Jamaica . The governor general's role is largely ceremonial. Executive power is vested in the Cabinet , led by the Prime Minister . Jamaica is an independent country and Commonwealth Realm . It is a parliamentary democracy whose political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom. Executive Power is exercised by the government. Legislative Power is vested in both the Government and Parliament . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association.The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English common law. POLITICAL CONDITIONS , The Queen of Jamaica (though shown wearing her Canadian orders)]] Jamaica's political system is stable. However, the country's serious economic problems have exacerbated social problems and have become the subject of political debate. High unemployment — averaging 15.7% in 1999 — rampant underemployment, growing debt, high interest rates, and labor unrest are the most serious economic problems. The migration of unemployed people to urban areas, coupled with an increase in the use and trafficking of narcotics — crack cocaine and ganja (marijuana) — contribute to a high level of violent crime, especially in Kingston . , Prime Minister of Jamaica]] Parts of Kingston, and some slum areas in other towns are controlled by gang leaders, called "dons", who derived their power initially from links to the leadership of the political parties, but over the course of the 1980s and 1990s acquired significant independence due to participation in the transshipment of cocaine from South America to North America and Europe and the export of Jamaican marijuana. In spite of this independence, many gangs continue to maintain links with the political parties in order to obtain protection from state authorities and from the United States government which, unsurprisingly, wishes to reduce the flow of cocaine and marijuana. The two long-established political parties have historical links with two major trade unions — the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) with the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) and the People's National Party (PNP) with the National Workers Union (NWU). A third party, the National Democratic Movement (NDM), was created in October 1995 ; it does not have links with any particular trade union, and its leading figures have mostly withdrawn from it or significantly reduced their activity. For health reasons, Michael Manley stepped down as Prime Minister in March 1992 and was replaced by Percival James Patterson . Patterson subsequently led the PNP to victory in general elections in 1993 , in December 1997 and in October 2002 . The 1997 victory marked the first time any Jamaican political party has won three consecutive general elections since the introduction of universal suffrage to Jamaica in 1944. The current composition of the lower house of Jamaica's Parliament is 34 PNP and 26 JLP. The JLP won a long-held PNP parliamentary seat in a March 2001 by-election. The NDM, a break away faction of the JLP, failed to win any seats in the 1997 election. In 2005, JLP leader Edward Seaga (who had headed the party since 1974), announced his resignation from that position. He was succeeded by Bruce Golding , who had been a government minister under him in the 1980s, but who had broken from the JLP to found the NDM and had subsequently returned to the JLP. In March, 2006, Portia Simpson-Miller was appointed Jamaica's seventh Prime Minister. She is the first woman in the country's history to hold the position of Prime Minister Of Jamaica . Since the 1993 elections, the Jamaican Government, political parties, and Electoral Advisory Committee have worked to enact electoral reform, with limited success. In the 1997 general elections, grassroots Jamaican efforts, supplemented by international observers, helped reduce the violence that has tended to mar Jamaican elections. Local elections were held in 1998 , when the PNP won a decisive victory. Jamaican law requires that local elections be held every 3 years; elections may be delayed through legislation. EXECUTIVE BRANCH
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