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CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS Colombia 's present Constitution , enacted on July 4 , 1991 , strengthened the administration of justice with the provision for introduction of an Adversarial System which ultimately is to entirely replace the existing Napoleonic Code . Other significant reforms under the new constitution provide for civil divorce, dual nationality, the election of a vice president, and the election of departmental governors. The constitution expanded citizens' basic rights, including that of "tutela," under which an immediate court action can be requested by an individual if he or she feels that their constitutional rights are being violated and if there is no other legal recourse. The national government has separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches. EXECUTIVE BRANCH The president is elected for a 4-year term and, since 2005, can be re-elected for one consecutive term. The 1991 constitution reestablished the position of vice president, who is elected on the same ticket as the president. By law, the vice president will succeed in the event of the president's resignation, illness, or death. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH Colombia's bicameral Congress consists of a 102-member Senate Of Colombia and a 161-member House Of Representatives Of Colombia . Senators are elected on the basis of a nationwide ballot, while representatives are elected in multimember districts co-located within the 32 national departments. The country's capital is a separate capital district and elects its own representatives. Members may be re-elected indefinitely, and, in contrast to the previous system, there are no alternate congressmen. Congress meets twice a year, and the president has the power to call it into special session when needed. POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS JUDICIAL BRANCH The civilian judiciary is a separate and independent branch of government. Guidelines and the general structure for Colombia's administration of justice are set out in Law 270 of March 7 1996 . Colombia's legal system has recently begun to incorporate some elements of an oral, accusatorial system. The judicial branch's general structure is composed of four distinct jurisdictions (civilian, administrative, constitutional, and special). Colombia's highest judicial organs include the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Constitutional Court, and the Superior Judicial Council. This sometimes leads to conflicting opinions since there is no one court which clearly has authority over the decisions of the other three. PRINCIPAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Colombia conventional short form: Colombia local long form: Republica de Colombia local short form: Colombia Government type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure Capital: Bogota Administrative divisions:
Independence: 20 July 1810 (from Spain) National holiday: Independence Day, 20 July (1810) Constitution: 5 July 1991 Legal system: based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after US procedures was enacted into law in 2004; judicial review of executive and legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7 August 2002 ); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002 ); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7 August 2002 ); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002 ); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet consists of a coalition of the two dominant parties - the PL and PSC - and independents elections: president and vice president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 May 2002 (next to be held May 2006) election results: President Alvaro URIBE Velez received 53% of the vote; Vice President Francisco SANTOS was elected on the same ticket Legislative branch: bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Senate or Senado (102 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (166 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 10 March 2002 (next to be held March 2006); House of Representatives - last held 10 March 2002 (next to be held March 2006) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PL 28, PSC 13, independents and smaller parties (many aligned with conservatives) 61; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PL 54, PSC 21, independents and other parties 91 Judicial branch: four roughly coequal, supreme judicial organs; Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (highest court of criminal law; judges are selected by their peers from the nominees of the Superior Judicial Council for eight-year terms); Council of State (highest court of administrative law; judges are selected from the nominees of the Superior Judicial Council for eight-year terms); Constitutional Court (guards integrity and supremacy of the constitution; rules on constitutionality of laws, amendments to the constitution, and international treaties); Superior Judicial Council (administers and disciplines the civilian judiciary; resolves jurisdictional conflicts arising between other courts; members are elected by three sister courts and Congress for eight-year terms) Political parties and leaders: Colombian Communist Party or PCC CAICEDO ; Conservative Party or PSC HOLGUIN Sardi ; Democratic Pole or PDI MORENO Rojas ; Liberal Party or PL Fernando CRISTO note: Colombia has about 60 formally recognized political parties, most of which do not have a presence in either house of Congress Political pressure groups and leaders: two largest insurgent groups active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC and National Liberation Army or ELN; largest anti-insurgent paramilitary group is United Self-Defense Groups of Colombia or AUC Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Luis Alberto MORENO Mejia chancery: 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: {Link without Title} (202) 387-8338 FAX: {Link without Title} (202) 232-8643 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Beverly Hills, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Washington, DC Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador William B. WOOD embassy: Calle 22D-BIS, numbers 47-51, Apartado Aereo 3831 mailing address: Carrera 45 #22D-45, Bogota, D.C., APO AA 34038 telephone: {Link without Title} (1) 315-0811 FAX: {Link without Title} (1) 315-2197 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION PARTICIPATION: BCIE , CAN , CDB , CSN , FAO , G-3 , G-24 , G-77 , IADB , IAEA , IBRD , ICAO , ICC , ICCt , ICFTU , ICRM , IDA , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , IHO , ILO , IMF , IMO , Interpol , IOC , IOM , ISO , ITU , LAES , LAIA , Mercosur (associate), MIGA , NAM , OAS , OPANAL , OPCW , PCA , RG , UN , UNCTAD , UNESCO , UNHCR , UNIDO , UPU , WCL , WCO , WFTU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WToO , WTO |
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