| Phonological History Of The High Front Vowels |
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LENNON-LENIN MERGER The Lennon-Lenin merger (or '''weak vowel merger''') is a Phonemic Merger of ( Schwa ) with unstressed (sometimes written as ) in certain dialects of English . As a result of this merger the words ''abbot'' and ''rabbit'' rhyme; in accents without the merger they are distinct. The merger is complete in the Southern Hemisphere accents and variable in General American and Hiberno-English 1. This merger is not usually stigmatized. Dictionaries usually represent the distinction and not the merger. While there are some dialects that have a variable distinction, there are very few dialects that maintain a complete distinction. For people with the distinction is used in words spelled with ''i'' or ''e'' in an unstressed syllable. In accents with the distinction, the ''-ible'' and ''-able'' endings are distinct as and . Also the following words don't end the same way:
KIT-BIT SPLIT The kit-bit split is a split of EME found in (''kiss, gift, lick, big, sing, kit''), after (''hit''), word-initially (''inn''), generally before (''fish''), and by some speakers before ; is used elsewhere (''limb, dinner, limited, bit''). Nevertheless because of the phonetic similarity of the two vowels in a word like ''dinner'' , they may belong to the same phoneme , while the vowel of ''kiss, big, hit, inn'' etc. belongs to the phoneme . The kit-bit split is perhaps the most distinctive feature of South African English , as many of its other features are also found in New Zealand English . Centralized realizations of the vowel in ''bit'' is also found in New Zealand English . Unlike in South African English , ''bit'' and ''kit'' rhyme as /bət/ and /kət/ in New Zealand English , since it doesn't involve a split. PIN-PEN MERGER The pin-pen merger is a conditional , and is also found in many speakers in the Midland region immediately north of the South, as well as in less densely populated inland areas of the Western United States , particularly in Bakersfield, California . It is also a characteristic of African American Vernacular English . Although this merger was not complete in the South even in fairly recent times, there is very little variation throughout the Southern States in general, except that Savannah , Miami , and New Orleans are excluded from the merger. The area of consistent merger includes southern Virginia , most of the South Midland, and extends westward to include all of Texas . The northern limit of the merged area shows a number of irregular curves. Central and southern Indiana is dominated by the merger, but there is very little evidence of it in Ohio , and northern Kentucky shows a solid area of distinction around Louisville . In the west, there is sporadic representation of merged speakers in Kansas , Nebraska , and Colorado . But the most striking concentration of merged speakers in the west is around Bakersfield, California , a pattern that may reflect the trajectory of migrant workers from The Ozarks westward. The pin-pen merger is one of the most widely recognized features of Southern speech. A study of the written responses of Civil War veterans from Tennessee , together with data from the ''Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States'' and the ''Linguistic Atlas of the Middle South Atlantic States'', show that the merger was at a very low level through the first sixty years of the 19th Century , but then rose steeply to 90% in the middle of the 20th Century . Outside the South, the majority of North American English speakers maintain a solid distinction in perception and production, though there are in almost every region of the United States —and even a few places in Canada —a certain number of speakers that perceive the pairs of words as close or pronounce them acoustically closely. People that have the merger will often use terms like ''ink pen'' and ''stick pin'' to make a clear distinction between the two words that are otherwise homophonous. HAPPY TENSING The term ''happy tensing'' refers to the process in which final Lax becomes tense in words like ''happ'''y'''''. Happy tensing is absent from many varieties of British English and, traditionally at least, from Southern American English . Other realizations of the final vowel are also possible, such as in Scottish English . The history of happy tensing is difficult to pin down; the fact that it is uniformly present in South African English , Australian English , and New Zealand English implies that it was present in southern British English already at the beginning of the 19th Century . Yet it is not mentioned by Descriptive Phoneticians until the early 20th Century , and even then at first only in American English . MEET-MEAT MERGER The meet-meat merger is the merger of the Early Modern English vowel (usually spelt ''ea'', as in ''meat'', ''peace'', ''sea'', ''receive'') with the vowel (as in ''meet'', ''piece'', ''see'', ''believe'') 78. The merger is complete outside the British Isles and virtually complete within them. Some speakers in Northern England distinguish in the first group of words from or in the second group. Old-fashioned varieties of Hiberno-English and the West Country Dialects preserve the Early Modern English – contrast, but it is rare in these accents nowadays. A handful of words (such as ''break, steak, great'') escaped the merger in the standard accents and thus have the same vowel as words like ''brake, stake, grate'' in almost all varieties of English. The word ''threat'' rhymes with neither ''meat'' or ''great'', due to early shortening, although all three words once rhymed. In some dialects that preserve the distinction, things are more complicated than simply all words in the ''meat'' set having . In those accents, some (but not all) words in the ''meat'' set actually have (or something similar) as in ''eight''. In Alexander (2001), a book about the traditional generally have a Weight-wait Distinction , so the rhyme of ''meat'' with ''eight'' does not mean that ''meat'' and ''mate'' are homophonous in those accents. The words ''team'' and ''cream'', which have in the traditional Yorkshire accents, have original long vowels, going back to Old English ''tēam'' and French ''crème'' respectively, while ''eat'' (< OE ''etan'') and ''meat'' (< OE ''mete'') have vowels that were originally short but lengthened by Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening . This is the origin of the Yorkshire distinction . In accents with the distinction, the vowels and are usually represented by the spellings ''ea'' and ''ei'', as in ''team'' and ''receive'', and the vowel is usually represented by the spellings ''ee'', ''ie'', ''eCe'' and ''iCe'' as in ''feet'', ''thief'', ''complete'', and ''suite''. SEE ALSO REFERENCES |
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